Table 5 Multiple linear regression model of depression symptoms, as measured by SMFQ, predicted by resilience, demographic factors and ACEs
From: The validity of the residuals approach to measuring resilience to adverse childhood experiences
Predictors | Depressive symptoms ~ adolescent ACEs, resilience and associated demographics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | Std. β | Std. Error | CI | t | p | |
Intercept | 1.70 | 0.81 | 0.52 | 0.64 to 2.77 | 3.28 | 0.003 |
Resilience | − 0.06 | − 0.12 | 0.01 | − 0.07 to − 0.05 | − 11.00 |  < 0.001 |
Physical abuse (11–16 years) | − 0.43 | − 0.17 | 0.34 | − 1.14 to 0.28 | − 1.27 | 0.219 |
Emotional abuse (11–16 years) | 0.39 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.09 to 0.69 | 2.71 | 0.012 |
Emotional neglect (11–16 years) | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.07 | − 0.05 to 0.23 | 1.34 | 0.194 |
Bullying (11–16 years) | 0.36 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.24 to 0.48 | 6.27 |  < 0.001 |
Violence between parents (11–16 years) | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.14 | − 0.00 to 0.59 | 2.02 | 0.053 |
Household substance abuse (11–16 years) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.25 | − 0.51 to 0.52 | 0.02 | 0.983 |
Parental mental health problems (11–16 years) | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.17 | − 0.24 to 0.46 | 0.65 | 0.523 |
Parent convicted of offence (11–16 years) | − 0.03 | − 0.01 | 0.26 | − 0.57 to 0.51 | − 0.12 | 0.907 |
Parental separation (11–16 years) | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.07 | − 0.05 to 0.25 | 1.36 | 0.185 |
Financial difficulties (11–16 years) | − 0.13 | -0.04 | 0.20 | − 0.54 – 0.28 | − 0.65 | 0.522 |
Neighbourhood dissatisfaction (11–16 years) | 0.27 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.05 to 0.49 | 2.55 | 0.018 |
No social support—child (11–16 years) | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.12 | − 0.14 to 0.34 | 0.88 | 0.387 |
No social support—parent (11–16 years) | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.12 | − 0.10 to 0.40 | 1.21 | 0.236 |
Violence between child and partner (11–16 years) | 0.38 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.17 to 0.60 | 3.71 | 0.001 |
No parent child bond (11–16 years) | − 0.03 | − 0.01 | 0.10 | − 0.24 to 0.19 | − 0.26 | 0.800 |
Social class IV—partly skilled | − 0.16 | -0.06 | 0.27 | − 0.72 to 0.41 | − 0.58 | 0.566 |
Social class IIINM—skilled non-manual | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.28 | − 0.54 to 0.61 | 0.11 | 0.910 |
Social class IIIM—skilled manual | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.28 | − 0.57 to 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.993 |
Social class II—managerial and technical | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.28 | − 0.57 to 0.57 | 0.01 | 0.991 |
Social class I—Professional | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.29 | − 0.59 to 0.63 | 0.06 | 0.95 |
Maternal smoking (2nd trimester) | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.06 | − 0.03 to 0.21 | 1.60 | 0.121 |
Birthweight (kg) | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.04 | − 0.01 to 0.16 | 1.76 | 0.086 |
Maternal age (years) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | − 0.00 to 0.01 | 0.97 | 0.339 |
Home ownership status birth (owned) | − 0.05 | − 0.02 | 0.08 | − 0.21 to 0.12 | − 0.57 | 0.573 |
Marital Status Birth (Married) | − 0.08 | − 0.03 | 0.05 | − 0.19 to 0.03 | − 1.51 | 0.141 |
Parity (1) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.04 | − 0.08 to 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.798 |
Parity (2) | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.07 | − 0.01 to 0.29 | 1.94 | 0.063 |
Parity (3) | − 0.08 | − 0.03 | 0.13 | − 0.35 to 0.19 | − 0.59 | 0.559 |
Parity (4) | − 0.22 | − 0.09 | 0.19 | − 0.61 to 0.16 | − 1.19 | 0.243 |
Parity (5 +) | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.42 | − 0.75 to 0.98 | 0.28 | 0.780 |
Mother highest education—vocational | − 0.15 | − 0.06 | 0.11 | − 0.38 to 0.09 | − 1.31 | 0.201 |
Mother highest education—O level | − 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.07 | − 0.14 to 0.13 | − 0.14 | 0.890 |
Mother highest education—A level | − 0.08 | − 0.03 | 0.07 | − 0.23 to 0.06 | − 1.20 | 0.238 |
Mother highest education—degree | − 0.14 | − 0.06 | 0.07 | − 0.29 to 0.01 | − 1.86 | 0.069 |
Ethnicity (BAME) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.14 | − 0.27 to 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.898 |
Maternal BMI (Underweight) | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.10 | − 0.15 to 0.27 | 0.57 | 0.574 |
Maternal BMI (Overweight) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.04 | − 0.08 to 0.10 | 0.18 | 0.855 |
Maternal BMI (Obese) | -0.03 | -0.01 | 0.09 | − 0.21 to 0.15 | -0.34 | 0.738 |
Partner highest education—vocational | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.08 | − 0.06 to 0.26 | 1.23 | 0.230 |
Partner highest education—O level | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.07 | − 0.11 to 0.17 | 0.41 | 0.688 |
Partner highest education—A level | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.05 | − 0.07 to 0.14 | 0.61 | 0.546 |
Partner highest education—degree | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.08 | − 0.15 to 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.931 |
Gestation (weeks) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | − 0.03 to 0.02 | − 0.22 | 0.827 |
Sex (Female) | 0.45 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.37 to 0.52 | 12.29 |  < 0.001 |
Emotional abuse (11–16 years): resilience | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | − 0.01 to 0.02 | 0.43 | 0.67 |
Emotional neglect (11–16 years): resilience | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | − 0.01 to 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.946 |
Bullying (11–16 years): resilience | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | − 0.01 to 0.01 | − 0.08 | 0.94 |
Financial difficulties (11–16 years): resilience | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | − 0.02 to 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.966 |
Neighbourhood dissatisfaction (11–16 years): resilience | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | − 0.02 to 0.01 | − 0.11 | 0.915 |
No social support—child (11–16 years): resilience | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | − 0.01 to 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.718 |
Violence between child and partner (11–16 years): resilience | 0.00 | − 0.01 | 0.01 | − 0.02 to 0.01 | − 0.48 | 0.629 |