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Table 1 Descriptive statistics (mean (SD)) and group differences regarding psychiatric symptoms and functional impairment

From: Associated predictors of functional impairment among adolescents with ADHD—a cross-sectional study

Characteristics

ADHD group

(n = 164)

Reference group

(n = 106)

Group differences, U

 

All

Males

Females

All

Males

Females

 

Inattention

       

 Self-rated

 Parent-rated

23.13 (6.78)

25.82 (5.59)

19.38 (6.71)

25.14 (4.89)

25.28 (5.84)

26.20 (5.94)

13.43 (5.73)

7.78 (6.02)

14.28 (5.77)

8.52 (5.82)

13.04 (5.71)

7.45 (6.12)

14,044.50***

14,842.00***

Hyperactivity/impulsivity

       

 Self-rated

 Parent-rated

18.87 (8.04)

17.96 (7.65)

16.48 (7.33)

17.84 (6.18)

20.24 (8.14)

18.03 (8.41)

10.57 (6.04)

4.70 (4.88)

12.28 (5.89)

5.10 (5.21)

9.80 (5.98)

4.52 (4.76)

12,868.50***

14,032.00***

Emotional problems

       

 Self-rated

 Parent-rated

4.80 (2.55)

4.46 (2.41)

3.30 (2.29)

3.25 (2.15)

5.65 (2.29)

5.15 (2.29)

4.11 (2.61)

1.63 (1.95)

3.38 (2.87)

1.28 (1.49)

4.44 (2.44)

1.78 (2.11)

9541.00*

12,537.00***

Conduct problems

       

 Self-rated

 Parent-rated

3.04 (1.98)

2.83 (2.00)

2.78 (2.05)

3.02 (2.27)

3.20 (1.92)

2.73 (1.83)

1.47 (1.35)

0.72 (1.07)

1.78 (1.62)

0.76 (1.21)

1.32 (1.19)

0.71 (1.01)

12,174.50***

12,521.00***

Overall impairment

       

 Self-rated

 Parent-rated

14.24 (7.33)

17.48 (6.17)

11.79 (6.77)

17.13 (6.13)

15.64 (7.30)

17.69 (6.21)

6.91 (6.23)

2.07 (4.35)

7.19 (6.39)

1.17 (2.44)

6.79 (6.19)

2.48 (4.94)

12,760.50***

14,719.00***

Impairment in school

       

 Self-rated

 Parent-rated

5.69 (2.97)

7.03 (2.45)

4.78 (2.90)

6.56 (2.36)

6.22 (2.89)

7.30 (2.47)

2.60 (2.67)

0.86 (2.00)

2.50 (2.29)

0.45 (0.83)

2.65 (2.83)

1.05 (2.32)

12,807.50***

14,552.50***

Impairment with friends

       

 Self-rated

 Parent-rated

3.56 (2.94)

5.70 (2.47)

2.52 (2.58)

5.72 (2.62)

4.16 (2.97)

5.69 (2.39)

2.08 (2.13)

0.59 (1.44)

2.41 (2.42)

0.24 (0.58)

1.93 (1.99)

0.74 (1.67)

10,536.00***

14,468.50***

Impairment at home

       

 Self-rated

 Parent-rated

4.99 (2.96)

4.75 (2.93)

4.50 (2.94)

4.85 (2.91)

5.27 (2.96)

4.70 (2.96)

2.23 (2.41)

0.63 (1.44)

2.28 (2.69)

0.48 (1.48)

2.21 (2.29)

0.69 (1.42)

12,425.00***

13,739.50***

  1. ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, SD standard deviation
  2. Note: In the clinical group, n = 159 for the self-ratings and n = 162 for the parental ratings. In the reference group, n = 103 for the self-ratings and n = 94 for the parental ratings. Inattention and hyperactivity were assessed with the subscales of Adult ADHD self-report scale for adolescents, where each subscale ranges from 0 to 36. Emotional and conduct problems were assessed with the Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire, where each subscale ranges from 0 to 10. Functional impairment was assessed with Child Sheehan Disability Scale, where overall impairment ranges from 0 to 30 and impairment in each life domain ranges from 0 to 10. Group differences were evaluated with the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test due to skewness in the reference group
  3. * p < .05
  4. *** p < .001