Author | Year & country | Sample (n) | age | setting | Study design | Neuropsychological tools | General Cognition and specific domains | Socioeconomic risk factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bangeda et al. | 2006, Uganda | 107, 28 HIV + , 42-, 37c | 6–12 years | hospital | Cohort | K-ABC, WRAT-3 | HIV + , no significant cognitive difference No information about specific cognitive domains | showed significantly more evidence of acute malnutrition |
Boivin et al. | 2010a, Uganda | 102 clinical group | 6–12 years | Hospital | Cross sectional | KABC-II, TOVA, BOTS, HOME, | Children with HIV subtype A performed more poorly than those with HIV subtype D on all measures Performed poorly on sequential processing (p = 0.01), simultaneous processing(p = 0.005), Learning (p = 0.03) | None |
Boivin et al. | 2010b, Uganda | 60 PHIV 23 on HAART | 6–16 years | Hospital | Cross sectional | Captain's Log CCRT, KABC-II, Cogstate, SES physical quality of home environment checklist | Sequential processing p = 0.01, simultaneous p = 0.02, learning, p = 0.05 | None |
Hoare et al. | 2012, South Africa | 12 HIV + , 12 HIV- | 8–12 years | Clinics | Cross sectional | WASI-II | performed significantly worse than controls on all of the measures deficits in visuo-spatial processing, visual memory and semantic fluency | None |
Ruel et al. | 2012, Uganda | 93 HIV + , 106 HIV- | 6–12 years | Hospital | Cross sectional | KABC-II TOVA BOT-2 | HIV + children performed significantly worse than HIV-uninfected children Deficits in sequential processing and planning/reasoning as compared with HIV- HIV + with CD4 cell counts of > 350 cells/μL demonstrate significant cognitive and motor deficits Higher HIV RNA level was associated with poor performance in simultaneous processing (coefficient, − 4.5; P = .015) Impairment among those WHO stages 1 and 2 reported in sequential processing and planning | None |
Boyede et al. | 2013 a, Nigeria | (138) 69 HIV + 69 HIV - | 6–15 years | Hospital | Cross sectional | RPM | RPM cognitive scores for HIV positive children are lower than those of HIV negative No information about specific cognitive domains | younger age(p = 0.01), Low level of maternal education (p = 0.001) and low SES was associated with poor cognitive outcomes |
Boyede et al. | 2013b, Nigeria | 69 HIV + 69 HIV- | 6–15 years | Hospital | Cross sectional | RPM | Had significantly lower cognitive scores compared with HIV negative children No information about specific cognitive domains | None |
Boyede et al. | 2013c, Nigeria | 69 HIV + , 39 on HAART 30 not on HAART | 6–15 years | Hospital | Cross sectional | RPM | RPM scores tended to be lower with worsening WHO clinical stage No information about specific cognitive domains | None |
Kandawasvika et al. | 2015, Zimbabwe | n = 306 32 HIV infected, 121 exposed uninfected 153 unexposed uninfected | 6–8 years | clinics | Cross sectional | MSCA | No difference in general cognitive function Deficits in perceptual performance in HIV infected group | Unemployed caregivers, undernutrition, child orphanhood were associated with impaired cognitive performance in univariate analysis |
Boivin et al. | 2016, Uganda | 159 | 6–12 years | Hospital | Randomized Controlled Trial (Group 1 CCRT n = 53, Group 2 Limited CCRT n = 52, Group 3 Control n = 54) | Captain's Log CCRT, KABC-II, CogStateBruininks/ Oseretsky test; BRIEF, CBCL, TOVA | At baseline, performed poorly on simultaneous processing (p = .035), learning (p = .047), knowledge (p = .001), NVI (p = .001) The CCRT group had significantly greater gains through 3 months of follow-up compared to passive controls on overall KABC-II mental processing index, planning, and knowledge The limited CCRT group performed better than controls on learning | None |
Iloh et al. | 2017, Nigeria | 200 (100 HIV + and 100 HIV-) | 6–15 years | Hospital | Cross sectional | RPM | lower cognitive functioning was noted among HIV positive compared with HIV negative peers No information about specific cognitive domains | all children with mother with no formal education performed below average. SES (p ¼ 0.028) and immunologic stage (0.015) had significant negative effect on RPM scores of HIV-positive children |
Brahmbhatt et al. | 2017, Uganda | 370, 204 HUU, 26 PHEU, 140 PHIV | 7–14 years | Clinics | Cross sectional | KABC-II | No significant differences in the neurocognitive measures between PHIV and HUU PHIV had an impairment in simultaneous processing, learning and knowledge skills compared with PHUU and PHEU at baseline | increases in both age standardized weight and height resulted in significant improvement of sequential and simultaneous processing skills |
Musindo et al. | 2018, Kenya | 90 HIV + | 8–15 years | Hospital | Cross sectional | KABC-II, HEADS_ED | 60% scored below 2SD High prevalence was seen in Simultaneous processing, planning and Nonverbal index | education and activities and peer support was associated with poor neurocognitive outcomes |
Boivin et al. | 2018 South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Uganda | 611 246 HIV + , 183 HEU, 182 HUU | 5–11 | Clinics | observational multicentre longitudinal study | KABC-II TOVA BOT-2 BRIEF SES MICS4 | HIV + children performed poorly than both HUU and HEU on the composite scores (mental processing index) deficits in sequential processing (working memory) learning, delayed recall, planning, simultaneous, non-verbal index as compare to negative controls | Area of residence, height for age, paternal level of education were associated with low cognitive scores |
Debeaudrap et al. | 2018, Cameroon | 338 127 HIV-infected, 101 HEU, 110 HUU | 4–9 years | Hospital | Cross sectional | SDQ KABC-II | HIV-infected children performed significantly worse than HUU children on MPI scores HEU children also had significantly lower MPI, NVI, learning and planning scores than HUU children | Mother’s education and vital status, caregiver depression and anxiety scores and household income HIV-infected children had higher SDQ scores than HUU children indicating that they experienced more behavioural difficulties |
Familiar et al. | 2019, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Uganda and Malawi | 611 183 HEU 182 HUU 246 HIV-I | 5–11 | Clinics | Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) KABC-II TOVA BOT-2 BRIEF | MPI scores were significantly lower among HIV + children compared with HEU and HUU children No information about specific cognitive domains | Caregiver depressive symptomatology was not associated with other assessed KABC-II (MPI) scores | |
Boivin et al. | 2020, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Uganda | 611 183 HEU 182 HUU 246 HIV-I | 5–11 | clinics | Observational multicentre longitudinal study | KABC-II TOVA BOT-2 BRIEF | The HIV + cohort performed significantly worse than the HEU and HUU cohorts for all KABC-II Deficits in simultaneous processing, sequential processing, learning, planning and delayed recall as compared to negative controls | Higher SES index scores were predictive of better KABC scores |