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Table 4 Results of multinomial logistic regression models assessing association between category of change in mental health status over time and risk and reliance factors

From: Adolescents’ mental health and maladaptive behaviors before the Covid-19 pandemic and 1-year after: analysis of trajectories over time and associated factors

 

OR (stable vs worsened [ref. category]

OR CI (stable vs worsened)

OR (improved vs worsened [ref. category])

OR CI (improved vs worsened)

p-value

Pseudo R2

Reduction in binge drinkinga,b

3.75

1.30–10.81

1.34

0.51–3.54

0.005

0.23

Reduction in cannabis usea

1.92

0.91–4.05

1.48

0.68–3.25

0.217

0.18

Reduction in aggressivenessa,b

1.92

1.11–3.32

2.63

1.45–4.77

0.003

0.24

Reduction in binge eatinga,b

1.21

0.62–2.33

2.73

1.23–6.02

0.003

0.24

Reduction in unprotected sexa

0.36

0.10–1.24

0.43

0.12–1.50

0.173

0.19

Reduction in self-harm behaviorsa,b

3.25

1.42–7.42

28.06

3.23–243.38

< 0.001

0.32

Reduction in self-harm ideationa,b

2.10

1.10–4.01

7.05

2.44–20.37

< 0.001

0.29

CTQ

1.09

0.97–1.22

1.05

0.93–1.18

0.181

0.18

FAD

0.99

0.95–1.03

1.01

0.97–1.05

0.446

0.17

DBT-WCC skills

1.78

0.47–6.78

1.19

0.29–4.87

0.601

0.17

DBT-WCC dysf. coping

1.41

0.44–4.54

1.37

0.41–4.58

0.838

0.16

PID-5 negative affect

2.61

0.95–7.18

1.24

0.43–3.58

0.059

0.20

PID-5 detachment

0.85

0.27–2.64

0.39

0.11–1.44

0.214

0.20

PID-5 antagonism

1.25

0.40–3.89

1.01

0.30–3.39

0.846

0.17

PID-5 disinhibition

3.41

0.81–14.43

2.31

0.52–10.37

0.215

0.19

PID-5 psychoticism

0.61

0.22–1.75

0.48

0.15–1.48

0.437

0.18

  1. The models assess the association between student groups (worsened, stable, improved as dependent variables) and potential risk or resilience factors (independent variables); adjusting for the following covariates: status of mental health at baseline, gender, SES and Covid-19 experience
  2. Ref. category gender = males; ref. category SES = high SES; ref. category Covid-19 experience = having experienced hospitalization/death of a family member
  3. Stable categories include values between [− 11, 11] for ASQ; between [− 7, 7] for SCARED; between [− 3, 3] for PHQ and between [− 14, 14] for DERS
  4. CTQ childhood trauma questionnaire; FAD family assessment device; DBTWCC DBT-ways of coping checklist; PID-5 personality inventory for DSM-5
  5. aChange of frequency in maladaptive behaviour
  6. bThe adjustment for status of mental health at baseline [two categories: good, poor (ref. category)] was significant