From: Vitamin D level in relation to depression symptoms during adolescence
Characteristics | Total | Prevalence of depression symptoms | Odds ratio [95% CI] | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n* | (%) | |||||
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 353 | 39 | (11.05) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.071 |
Female | 351 | 55 | (15.67) | 1.50 | [0.96–2.32] |  |
Age (year) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 < 12 | 300 | 46 | (15.33) |  | [Ref.] | 0.411 |
12- | 276 | 33 | (11.96) | 0.75 | [0.46–1.21] |  |
 ≥ 13 | 128 | 15 | (11.72) | 0.73 | [0.39–1.37] |  |
Nationality | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Kuwaiti | 522 | 73 | (13.98) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.403 |
Non-Kuwait | 182 | 21 | (11.54) | 0.80 | [0.48–1.35] |  |
School’s Governorate |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Capital | 117 | 16 | (13.68) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.962 |
Hawally | 135 | 16 | (11.85) | 0.85 | [0.40–1.78] |  |
Farawanya | 85 | 12 | (14.12) | 1.04 | [0.46–2.32] |  |
Jahra | 69 | 8 | (11.59) | 0.83 | [0 .33–2.05] |  |
Mubarak al-Kabeer | 81 | 13 | (16.05) | 1.21 | [0.54–2.66] |  |
Ahmadi | 216 | 29 | (13.43) | 0.98 | [0.51–1.89] |  |
Father’s Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary/Intermediate/no formal education | 95 | 19 | (20.00) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.219 |
Secondary (high school) | 167 | 21 | (12.57) | 0.57 | [0.29–1.14] |  |
Diploma | 145 | 19 | (13.10) | 0.60 | [0.30–1.21] |  |
University and above | 283 | 33 | (11.66) | 0.53 | [0.28–0.98] |  |
Mother’s Education |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Primary/Intermediate/no formal education | 68 | 12 | (17.65) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.021 |
Secondary (high school) | 147 | 26 | (17.69) | 1.00 | [0.47–2.13] |  |
Diploma | 157 | 25 | (15.92) | 0.88 | [0.41–1.88] |  |
University and above | 323 | 29 | (8.98) | 0.46 | [0.22–0.96] |  |
Father’s Income (Kuwaiti dinars) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 < 500 | 49 | 3 | (6.12) |  | [Ref.] | 0.320 |
500 to 1000 | 161 | 24 | (14.91) | 2.69 | [0.77–9.34] |  |
1001 to 1500 | 208 | 34 | (16.35) | 3.00 | [0.88–10.19] |  |
1501 to 2000 | 105 | 10 | (9.52) | 1.61 | [0.42–6.15] |  |
More than 2000 | 95 | 11 | (11.58) | 2.01 | [0.53–7.56] |  |
Do not wish to tell | 65 | 8 | (12.31) | 2.15 | [0.54–8.58] |  |
Mother employment | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Housewife | 220 | 32 | (14.55) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.842 |
Paid employment | 362 | 47 | (12.98) | 0.88 | [0 .54–1.42] |  |
Other | 110 | 14 | (12.73) | 0.86 | [0.44–1.68] |  |
Living arrangements | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Lives with the father and the mother | 622 | 79 | (12.70) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.238 |
Lives with the mother without the father | 60 | 10 | (16.67) | 1.37 | [0.67–2.82] |  |
Lives with the father without the mother | 19 | 4 | (21.05) | 1.83 | [0.59–5.66] |  |
Lives with other relatives | 3 | 1 | (33.33) | 3.44 | [0.31–38.34] |  |
Type of housing | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Rented apartment | 275 | 41 | (14.91) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.233 |
Rented house | 74 | 6 | (8.11) | 0.50 | [0.20–1.24] |  |
Owned apartment | 39 | 8 | (20.51) | 1.47 | [0.63–3.43] |  |
Owned house | 306 | 38 | (12.42) | 0.81 | [0.50–1.30] |  |
Total number of siblings | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≤ two | 177 | 25 | (14.12) |  | [Ref.] | 0.173 |
Three-four | 274 | 42 | (15.33) | 1.10 | [0.64–1.88] |  |
Five or more | 242 | 24 | (9.92) | 0.67 | [0.37–1.22] |  |
Childbirth order | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
First | 192 | 21 | (10.94) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.122 |
Second | 147 | 27 | (18.37) | 1.83 | [0.99–3.39] |  |
Third or above | 351 | 45 | (12.82) | 1.20 | [0.69–2.08] |  |
Passive smoking at home | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
No | 462 | 58 | (12.55) | Â | [Ref.] | 0.378 |
Yes | 241 | 36 | (14.94) | 1.22 | [0.78–1.92] |  |