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Table 1 Association between depression symptoms (CDI ≥ 19 score) and socio-demographic factors in adolescents using univariable analysis (N = 704)

From: Vitamin D level in relation to depression symptoms during adolescence

Characteristics

Total

Prevalence of depression symptoms

Odds ratio [95% CI]

p

n*

(%)

Gender

      

Male

353

39

(11.05)

 

[Ref.]

0.071

Female

351

55

(15.67)

1.50

[0.96–2.32]

 

Age (year)

      

 < 12

300

46

(15.33)

 

[Ref.]

0.411

12-

276

33

(11.96)

0.75

[0.46–1.21]

 

 ≥ 13

128

15

(11.72)

0.73

[0.39–1.37]

 

Nationality

      

Kuwaiti

522

73

(13.98)

 

[Ref.]

0.403

Non-Kuwait

182

21

(11.54)

0.80

[0.48–1.35]

 

School’s Governorate

      

Capital

117

16

(13.68)

 

[Ref.]

0.962

Hawally

135

16

(11.85)

0.85

[0.40–1.78]

 

Farawanya

85

12

(14.12)

1.04

[0.46–2.32]

 

Jahra

69

8

(11.59)

0.83

[0 .33–2.05]

 

Mubarak al-Kabeer

81

13

(16.05)

1.21

[0.54–2.66]

 

Ahmadi

216

29

(13.43)

0.98

[0.51–1.89]

 

Father’s Education

      

Primary/Intermediate/no formal education

95

19

(20.00)

 

[Ref.]

0.219

Secondary (high school)

167

21

(12.57)

0.57

[0.29–1.14]

 

Diploma

145

19

(13.10)

0.60

[0.30–1.21]

 

University and above

283

33

(11.66)

0.53

[0.28–0.98]

 

Mother’s Education

      

Primary/Intermediate/no formal education

68

12

(17.65)

 

[Ref.]

0.021

Secondary (high school)

147

26

(17.69)

1.00

[0.47–2.13]

 

Diploma

157

25

(15.92)

0.88

[0.41–1.88]

 

University and above

323

29

(8.98)

0.46

[0.22–0.96]

 

Father’s Income (Kuwaiti dinars)

      

 < 500

49

3

(6.12)

 

[Ref.]

0.320

500 to 1000

161

24

(14.91)

2.69

[0.77–9.34]

 

1001 to 1500

208

34

(16.35)

3.00

[0.88–10.19]

 

1501 to 2000

105

10

(9.52)

1.61

[0.42–6.15]

 

More than 2000

95

11

(11.58)

2.01

[0.53–7.56]

 

Do not wish to tell

65

8

(12.31)

2.15

[0.54–8.58]

 

Mother employment

      

Housewife

220

32

(14.55)

 

[Ref.]

0.842

Paid employment

362

47

(12.98)

0.88

[0 .54–1.42]

 

Other

110

14

(12.73)

0.86

[0.44–1.68]

 

Living arrangements

      

Lives with the father and the mother

622

79

(12.70)

 

[Ref.]

0.238

Lives with the mother without the father

60

10

(16.67)

1.37

[0.67–2.82]

 

Lives with the father without the mother

19

4

(21.05)

1.83

[0.59–5.66]

 

Lives with other relatives

3

1

(33.33)

3.44

[0.31–38.34]

 

Type of housing

      

Rented apartment

275

41

(14.91)

 

[Ref.]

0.233

Rented house

74

6

(8.11)

0.50

[0.20–1.24]

 

Owned apartment

39

8

(20.51)

1.47

[0.63–3.43]

 

Owned house

306

38

(12.42)

0.81

[0.50–1.30]

 

Total number of siblings

      

 ≤ two

177

25

(14.12)

 

[Ref.]

0.173

Three-four

274

42

(15.33)

1.10

[0.64–1.88]

 

Five or more

242

24

(9.92)

0.67

[0.37–1.22]

 

Childbirth order

      

First

192

21

(10.94)

 

[Ref.]

0.122

Second

147

27

(18.37)

1.83

[0.99–3.39]

 

Third or above

351

45

(12.82)

1.20

[0.69–2.08]

 

Passive smoking at home

      

No

462

58

(12.55)

 

[Ref.]

0.378

Yes

241

36

(14.94)

1.22

[0.78–1.92]

 
  1. p-value was generated by Chi-square test of independence or Fisher’s Exact. * Some values are missing, and the total may not add up to 704 for some covariates