Table 1 Sample characteristics
|  | Adolescents (n = 554) | Mothers (n = 228) | Fathers (n = 326) |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%)/M ± SD | n (%)/M ± SD | n (%)/M ± SD | |
Age (years) | 16.91 ± 1.08 | 46.00 ± 4.40 | 46.37 ± 4.85 |
Sex | |||
 Male | 314 (56.7) |  |  |
 Female | 240 (43.3) |  |  |
Only child | |||
 No | 493 (89.0) |  |  |
 Yes | 61 (11.0) |  |  |
Family location | Â | Â | Â |
 Rural area |  | 185 (81.1) | 278 (85.3) |
 Town |  | 17 (7.5) | 18 (5.5) |
 County or city |  | 26 (11.4) | 30 (9.2) |
Parental education | |||
 Elementary or lower |  | 116 (50.9) | 65 (19.9) |
 Middle school |  | 94 (41.2) | 211 (64.7) |
 High school |  | 14 (6.1) | 39 (12.0) |
 College or higher |  | 4 (1.8) | 11 (3.4) |
Parental occupation | |||
 Unemployment |  | 40 (17.5) | 19 (5.8) |
 Unskilled labor |  | 102 (44.7) | 155 (47.6) |
 Skilled labor |  | 18 (7.9) | 64 (19.6) |
 Self-employment |  | 59 (25.9) | 66 (20.3) |
 Other |  | 9 (4.0) | 22 (6.7) |
Family SES |  | − 0.30 ± 1.08 | 0.20 ± 0.93 |
Aggressive behavior | 7.51 ± 4.40 |  |  |
Maternal physical abuse | |||
 No | 422 (80.4) |  |  |
 Yes | 103 (19.6) |  |  |
Paternal physical abuse | |||
 No | 435 (82.5) |  |  |
 Yes | 92 (17.5) |  |  |
Maternal psychological aggression | |||
 No | 358 (65.0) |  |  |
 Yes | 193 (35.0) |  |  |
Paternal psychological aggression | |||
 No | 378 (68.2) |  |  |
 Yes | 176 (31.8) |  |  |
Maternal neglect | |||
 No | 360 (68.7) |  |  |
 Yes | 164 (31.3) |  |  |
Paternal neglect | |||
 No | 342 (65.0) |  |  |
 Yes | 184 (35.0) |  |  |
Mindful parenting | |||
 Total scale |  | 3.26 ± 0.55 | 3.20 ± 0.52 |
 IWFA |  | 3.50 ± 0.49 | 3.44 ± 0.48 |
  CAA |  | 3.49 ± 0.81 | 3.43 ± 0.77 |
  SR |  | 2.85 ± 0.78 | 2.76 ± 0.70 |
  EAC |  | 2.91 ± 0.80 | 2.93 ± 0.77 |