From: Associations between perceived stress and health outcomes in adolescents
Sweden (n = 162) | Bulgaria (n = 465) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 95) | Girls (n = 67) | p-valuec | Boys (n = 333) | Girls (n = 132) | p-valuec | |
PSS total score, imputeda | ||||||
Number (%) | 84 (57) | 63 (43) | 330 (71) | 132 (29) | ||
Mean (SD) | 25.8 (8.4) | 28.8 (6.7) | 0.02 | 22.6 (6.9) | 26.7 (7.1) | < 0.0001 |
Range | 2; 39 | 12; 42 | 2; 50 | 12; 44 | ||
Quartilesb (%) | 8/39/52/13 | 2/38/57/10 | 8/68/22/2 | 2/57/39/2 | ||
Health outcomes from questionnaire, number (%): | ||||||
How are you, in general? | ||||||
Very good | 41 (44) | 19 (30) | 0.04 | 124 (38) | 46 (35) | 0.10 |
Good | 40 (43) | 27 (43) | 143 (44) | 52 (40) | ||
Reasonable | 11 (12) | 12 (19) | 52 (16) | 30 (23) | ||
Bad | 1 (1) | 4 (6) | 4 (1) | 2 (2) | ||
Very bad | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | ||
Do you feel content with yourself? | ||||||
Yes, mostly | 55 (58) | 32 (49) | 0.09 | 160 (49) | 52 (40) | 0.14 |
Yes, sometimes | 37 (39) | 25 (38) | 158 (49) | 73 (56) | ||
No, almost never | 3 (3) | 8 (12) | 7 (2) | 5 (4) | ||
Do you feel stressed by your schoolwork? | ||||||
Not at all | 14 (16) | 4 (6) | 0.01 | 93 (29) | 24 (18) | 0.002 |
A little | 46 (51) | 25 (39) | 126 (39) | 51 (39) | ||
Pretty much | 25 (28) | 22 (34) | 64 (20) | 22 (17) | ||
Much | 5 (6) | 13 (20) | 42 (13) | 35 (27) |
How often have you had the following problems in the last 6 months? | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Felt low | ||||||
Every day | 2 (2) | 8 (13) | < 0.0001 | 10 (3) | 15 (12) | 0.003 |
> 1 time/week | 10 (11) | 14 (22) | 35 (11) | 35 (27) | ||
About 1 time/week | 7 (8) | 11 (17) | 46 (14) | 37 (29) | ||
About 1 time/month | 25 (28) | 17 (27) | 98 (31) | 19 (15) | ||
Seldom/never | 45 (51) | 14 (22) | 129 (41) | 23 (18) | ||
Irritated/bad mood | ||||||
Every day | 7 (8) | 8 (13) | 0.03 | 13 (4) | 23 (17) | < 0.0001 |
> 1 time/week | 19 (21) | 12 (19) | 86 (26) | 47 (36) | ||
About 1 time/week | 19 (21) | 22 (35) | 99 (30) | 33 (25) | ||
About 1 time/month | 23 (25) | 9 (14) | 64 (19) | 18 (14) | ||
Seldom/never | 23 (25) | 12 (19) | 67 (20) | 11 (8) | ||
Anxious/worried | ||||||
Every day | 3 (3) | 3 (5) | 0.01 | 11 (3) | 14 (11) | < 0.0001 |
> 1 time/week | 4 (4) | 10 (16) | 35 (11) | 29 (22) | ||
About 1 time/week | 10 (11) | 11 (17) | 61 (19) | 44 (33) | ||
About 1 time/month | 23 (26) | 16 (25) | 83 (25) | 29 (22) | ||
Seldom/never | 50 (56) | 24 (38) | 136 (42) | 16 (12) | ||
Feeling dizzy | ||||||
Every day | 1 (1) | 2 (3) | 0.05 | 13 (4) | 7 (5) | 0.001 |
> 1 time/week | 4 (4) | 5 (8) | 27 (8) | 16 (12) | ||
About 1 time/week | 10 (11) | 12 (19) | 27 (8) | 23 (18) | ||
About 1 time/month | 20 (22) | 17 (27) | 67 (20) | 29 (22) | ||
Seldom/never | 55 (61) | 27 (43) | 195 (59) | 56 (43) |
Sweden (n = 162) | Bulgaria (n = 465) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys (n = 95) | Girls (n = 67) | p-valuec | Boys (n = 333) | Girls (n = 132) | p-valuec | |
Stomach ache | ||||||
Every day | 2 (2) | 3 (5) | 0.03 | 5 (2) | 4 (3) | < 0.000 |
> 1 time/week | 2 (2) | 7 (11) | 16 (5) | 16 (12) | ||
About 1 time/week | 10 (11) | 9 (14) | 30 (9) | 30 (23) | ||
About 1 time/month | 30 (33) | 31 (49) | 86 (27) | 56 (43) | ||
Seldom/never | 48 (52) | 13 (21) | 180 (57) | 23 (18) | ||
Headache | ||||||
Every day | 2 (2) | 2 (3) | < 0.0001 | 5 (2) | 6 (5) | < 0.0001 |
> 1 time/week | 4 (4) | 9 (14) | 34 (11) | 33 (25) | ||
About 1 time/week | 9 (10) | 18 (29) | 47 (15) | 27 (21) | ||
About 1 time/month | 32 (34) | 21 (33) | 97 (30) | 33 (25) | ||
Seldom/never | 46 (49) | 13 (21) | 136 (43) | 31 (24) | ||
Restless sleep | ||||||
Every day | 5 (5) | 5 (8) | 0.54 | 13 (4) | 9 (7) | < 0.0001 |
> 1 time/week | 5 (5) | 4 (6) | 18 (6) | 14 (11) | ||
About 1 time/week | 14 (15) | 10 (16) | 19 (6) | 17 (13) | ||
About 1 time/month | 17 (18) | 12 (19) | 49 (15) | 27 (20) | ||
Seldom/never | 51 (55) | 31 (50) | 228 (70) | 65 (49) | ||
How often have you felt happy in the last 6 months? | ||||||
Every day | 35 (38) | 27 (43) | 0.13 | 148 (45) | 59 (46) | 0.92 |
> 1 time/week | 26 (28) | 18 (29) | 146 (45) | 55 (43) | ||
About 1 time/week | 17 (18) | 13 (21) | 21 (6) | 10 (8) | ||
About 1 time/month | 5 (5) | 1 (2) | 5 (2) | 3 (2) | ||
Seldom/never | 10 (11) | 4 (6) | 7 (2) | 2 (2) | ||
How easy is it for you to talk to adults? | ||||||
Very easy | 20 (22) | 13 (20) | 0.60 | 26 (8) | 9 (7) | 0.72 |
Easy | 13 (15) | 17 (27) | 55 (17) | 30 (23) | ||
Neither easy nor difficult | 26 (29) | 15 (23) | 76 (24) | 27 (21) | ||
Difficult | 16 (18) | 9 (14) | 68 (21) | 34 (26) | ||
Very difficult | 14 (16) | 10 (16) | 96 (30) | 30 (23) |