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Table 3 Association between PSS (total score) and health outcomes using spearman rank correlation, rho (ρ), in Sweden and Bulgaria, separated and compared between boys and girls

From: Associations between perceived stress and health outcomes in adolescents

 

Sweden (n = 147)

Bulgaria (n = 462)

Boys (n = 84)

Girls (n = 63)

Diff

Boys (n = 330)

Girls (n = 132)

Diff

ρ (p-value)

ρ (p-value)

p-valuea

ρ (p-value)

ρ (p-value)

p-valuea

How are you, in general?

 Very good—very bad

0.13 (0.25)

0.38 (0.003)

0.10

0.44 (< 0.0001)

0.60 (< 0.0001)

0.08

Do you feel content with yourself?

 Yes, mostly—No, almost never

0.08 (0.45)

0.33 (0.01)

0.19

0.37 (< 0.0001)

0.49 (< 0.0001)

0.32

Do you feel stressed by your schoolwork?

 Not at all—Much

0.22 (0.05)

0.30 (0.02)

0.76

0.30 (< 0.0001)

0.32 (0.0002)

0.85

How often have you had the following problems in the last 6 months?

 Felt low

  Seldom or never—Every day

0.3 (0.008)

0.43 (0.0005)

0.72

0.38 (< 0.0001)

0.51 (< 0.0001)

0.49

 Irritated/bad mood

  Seldom or never—Every day

0.49 (< 0.0001)

0.46 (0.0002)

0.35

0.37 (< 0.0001)

0.54 (< 0.0001)

0.15

 Anxious/worried

  Seldom or never—Every day

0.22 (0.05)

0.42 (0.0008)

0.91

0.37 (< 0.0001)

0.54 (< 0.0001)

0.10

 Feeling dizzy

  Seldom or never—Every day

0.26 (0.02)

0.28 (0.03)

0.51

0.35 (< 0.0001)

0.56 (< 0.0001)

0.46

 Stomach ache

  Seldom or never—Every day

0.13 (0.25)

0.09 (0.48)

0.92

0.23 (< 0.0001)

0.34 (0.0001)

0.85

 Headache

  Seldom or never—Every day

0.01 (0.90)

-0.21 (0.10)

0.26

0.22 (0.0001)

0.22 (0.01)

0.60

 Restless sleep

  Seldom or never—Every day

0.05 (0.65)

0.28 (0.03)

0.58

0.18 (0.001)

0.33 (0.0001)

0.27

 How often have you felt happy in the last 6 months?

  Every day—Seldom or never

0.009 (0.94)

0.48 (0.0001)

 < 0.0001

0.29 (< 0.0001)

0.30 (0.0006)

0.54

 How easy is it for you to talk to adults?

  Very easy—Very difficult

0.18 (0.11)

0.16 (0.23)

0.65

0.01 (0.79)

0.13 (0.14)

0.21

  1. aP-value for test between boys and girls using linear regression with an interaction term (health outcome*sex)