Table 1 Summary of study characteristics
From: A systematic review of telehealth screening, assessment, and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder
Device | Author (year) | Country | Website | Affiliation | Method | Technology utilized | Diagnosis or screening? | Observed metrics | Assess scenario | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cognoa | Kanne et al. [20] | US | Cognoa Inc | Store-and-forward method | Application | Screening | Caregiver questionnaire (MARA) + health care questionnaire + video coding (behavior features) | 3 home videos shoot by their parents, and automatically coding the video | ||
Abbas et al. [1] | US | ||||||||||
Abbas et al. [2] | US | ||||||||||
US | |||||||||||
2 | Autism & Beyond | Egger et al. [15] | US | Duke University | Store-and-forward method | Application | Screening | 3 surveys (family background, parental concerns, and temper tantrums) + video coding (face landmark) | Watch short videos and iphones’ camera recording their face, and automatically coding the features | ||
Campbell et al. [6] | US | ||||||||||
Carpenter et al. [8] | US | ||||||||||
Perochon et al. [33] | US | ||||||||||
3 | ASDTests | Thabtah et al. [45] | New Zealand | Dr. Fadi Fayez in Manukau Institute of Technology | Static scoring | Application | Screening | AQ-Adult-10, AQ-Adolescent-10, AQ-Child-10, and Q-CHAT-10 | Parents, care givers, and academic researchers to fill out tests, which are behavioural tests that just pinpoint to autistic traits | ||
4 | ASDetect | Barbaro and Dissanayake [5] | Australia | Sadka et al. in Trobe University, Australia | Static scoring | Application | Screening | Questions contain self-developed early markers of ASD behavioral characteristics | Parents watch instruction videos and answer questions | ||
5 | AutismAI | Shahamiri and Thabtah [40] | New Zealand | Seyed Reza Shahamiri and Fadi Thabtah | Machine learning | Application | Screening | AQ and Q-CHAT-10 | Users need to answer all the questions and press the submit button and generate a report | ||
6 | NA | Wingfield et al. [48] | UK | NA | NA | Machine learning | Application | Screening | The PAAS checklist (pictorial autism assessment schedule) | Users answer questions | |
7 | TEDI | Talbott et al. [44] | US | University of California, Davis | Real-time method | Video conferencing | Screening | AOSI + IGDI-ECI | The TEDI kit includes cue cards and toys to support 10 different interactive “scenarios,” 5 scenarios for specific items from the AOSI, and 5 additional scenarios to stimulate object exploration, play, and communication | ||
8 | CHICA | Downs et al. [14] | US | Researchers from the Regenstrief Institute and Indiana University | Static scoring | An automated system | Screening | 20 questions + M-CHAT-F | Users answer 20 yes or no questions covering a wide range of primary care issues, 6 questions were selected to alert clinician | ||
9 | The video-referenced Infant Rating System for Autism (VIRSA) | Young et al. [49] | UK | NA | University of California, Davis | Machine learning | Application | Screening | Questions contains different level of social communication | The user refers to the videos on both sides of the screen (left and right) and chooses the one that most resembles the child, scoring it on a 10-point scale. The video library includes 268 videos all from 11 children with autism, 23 with non-autism, and 29 with typical development | |
10 | Lena | Oller et al. [32] | US | Infoture Inc | Store-and-forward method | A wearable device | Screening | Assess children’s language development + M-CHAT | The parent or teacher places the LENA device in the child’s LENA undershirt and records the child’s sound environment throughout the day. The device then processes the recordings into data indicators connected to a computer, including the child’s exposure to speech stimuli, the amount of speech the child speaks, and other information | ||
11 | SORF | Dow et al. [12] | US | NA | Florida State University | Store-and-forward method | Application | Screening | SORF coding | A videographer is present to record the observation of parent and children, and the parents are given written and verbal instruction to interact with children. The recorded video then coded by trained coders using SORF | |
12 | NODA | Smith et al. [41] | US | Behavior Imaging Solutions Inc | Store-and-forward method | Application | Diagnosis | DSM-5 | NODA consists of 2 components: (1) NODACapture, an app to allow parents to record video evidence of their child’s prescribed behavior at home; and (2) NODA Connect, a web portal that enables physicians to assess the child based on home video and developmental history and by linking evidence of behavior flagged in the video to DSM5 criteria | ||
13 | NA | Reese et al. [37] | US | NA | Interdisciplinary Technical Assistance Center on Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Kansas | Real-time method | Video conference | Diagnosis | DSM-5 + ADI-R + ADOS-2 | Video conference to evaluate ASD | |
14 | NA | Juárez et al. [19] | US | NA | NA | Real-time method | Fixed point-tilt-zoom cameras in clinic rooms/ video conference | diagnosis | STAT + DSM-5 + clinical best estimate (CBE) + MSEL + VABSII + ADOS-2 | Use camera or video conference to remote diagnosis | |
15 | The Brief Observation of Symptoms of Autism (BOSA) | [13] | US | Funded by Simons Foundation, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) | Real-time method | Video conferencing | Diagnosis | Four versions of BOSA (PSYF, MV, F1, F2) | A 12–14 min interaction between an individual and a caregiver or clinician, materials are picked based on age and language and developmental level, and a trained clinician observe and code base on the BOSA manual | ||
16 | TeleNP | Ransom et al. [36] | US | Teladoc Health Inc | Real-time method | A video-based practice model | Screening and diagnosis | DSM-5 + CARS-2 + NEPSY-II + DKEFS + Vineland-3 + ADOS-2 | Verbal instructions were provided to families by telephone to set environment, 20- to 30-min child interview and observation online, different assessments conducted via teleNP | ||
Salinas et al. [39] | US | ||||||||||
17 | The TELE-ASD-PEDS | US | Vanderbilt Kennedy Center: Treatment and Research Institute for Autism Spectrum Disorders (TRIAD) | Real-time method | Video conferencing | Assessment | ADOS-2 (Modules 2 and 3) | Module 2 (15 Activities and 9 codes), module 3 (11 Activities and 10 codes) | |||
Corona et al. [10] | US | ||||||||||
Wagner et al. [47] | US | ||||||||||