Table 1 Summary of characteristics of studies in the current meta-analysis
Author (year) | Criteria | Comparison | Session | N | Duration (weeks) | Outcome | Subtype | IQ | Stimulants (%) | Age (years) | Female (%) | Country | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barth (2021) | 1. WURS-K ≥ 30 2. ADHS-SB ≥ 18 | EEG-NF (SCP) | 30 | 26 | 26.64 | 1. D2 Test-accuracy + concentration + speed 2. Go/No Go task – RT + omission + errors | NA | 108.32 | 23.9 | 33.63 (18–56) | 60.9 | Germany | |||||
EMG-BF | 20 | ||||||||||||||||
Moreno-García (2019) | 90th percentile ADHD-RS-IV (teacher) | EEG-NF (TB) | 40 | 19 | 20 | IVA CPT – Full Scale | Inattention (50%) Combined (31.58%) H/I (18.42%) | 100.15 (KBIT) | 0 | 8.66 (7–14) | 23.5 | Spain | |||||
Behavioral therapy | 19 | ||||||||||||||||
Rajabi (2019)* | DSM-5 | EEG-NF (TB + beta training) | 30 | 16 | 12 | IVA CPT – Full Scale | Inattention (15.63%) Combined (59.38%) H/I (24.99%) | 107.2 | NA | 10.13 (6–12) | 0 | Iran | |||||
Waitlist | 16 | ||||||||||||||||
Geladé (2018) | DSM-IV-TR | EEG-NF (TB) | 30 | 33 | 12 | 1. Auditory oddball task – RT + CV 2. SST – RT + omission 3. VSWM- backward | NA | 99.94 | 0 | 9.68 (7–13) | 25 | The Netherlands | |||||
Physical activity | 31 | ||||||||||||||||
Lee (2017)* | DSM-IV-TR | EEG-NF (TB + beta training) and Medication | 20 | 18 | 10 | 1. ADS- inattention 2. Korean WISC-III – freedom from distractibility | Inattention (41.67%) Combined (44.44%) H/I (13.89%) | 100.39 | 100 | 8.75 | 25 | Korea | |||||
Medications | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
Schönenberg (2017) | DSM-IV-TR | EEG-NF (TB) | 30 | 37 | 15 | 1. INKA 2. CPT – RT 3. Stroop word and color test | NA | NA | 13.3 | 37.8 (18–60) | 44 | Germany | |||||
Sham | 38 | ||||||||||||||||
Bink (2016) | DSM-IV-TR | EEG-NF(TB) | 37 | 39 | 25 | 1. D2 Test – total score 2. Digit span- backward 3. Stroop word and color test | NA | NA | 48 | 15.95 (12–24) | 0 | The Netherlands | |||||
TAU | 19 | ||||||||||||||||
Maurizio (2014) | DSM-IV | EEG-NF (TB) | 36 | 13 | 12 | 1. D2 Test – total score 2. KiTAP- RT + errors + hits + omission 3. TAP- RT | Inattention (0%) Combined (100%) | 114.5 (German WISC) | 8 | 10.31 (8.5–13.5) | 12 | Germany | |||||
EMG-BF | 12 | ||||||||||||||||
Bakhshayesh (2011) | ICD-10 | EEG-NF (TB) | 30 | 18 | 15 | CPT – total score + omission + RT | Inattention (82.9%) | NA | 20 | 9.34 (6–14) | 25.7 | Germany | |||||
EMG biofeedback | 17 | ||||||||||||||||
Steiner (2011) | By physician | EEG-NF (TB) | 23.4 | 6 | 16 | IVA CPT – attention quotient | NA | NA | 60 | 12.4 (11–14) | 47.8 | USA | |||||
SCF | 10 | ||||||||||||||||
Wangler (2011) | DSM-IV-TR | EEG-NF (TB) | 36 | 59 | NA | ANT – alerting + conflict + orienting + hit + RT | Inattention (29.8%) Combined (70.2%) | 105.5 | 7.4 | 9.68 (8–12) | 18.1 | Germany | |||||
Attention skills training | 35 | ||||||||||||||||
Holtmann (2009) | ICD-10 F90.0, F90.1, F98.8 | EEG-NF (TB) | 20 | 20 | NA | SST-inattention | Inattention (58.8%) H/I (35.3%) | NA | 79.4 | 10.3 (7–12) | 8.8 | Germany | |||||
Computer-aided attention training | 14 | ||||||||||||||||
Lévesque (2006) | DSM-IV | EEG-NF (TB) | 40 | 15 | 13.5 | 1. IVA CPT 2. Stroop task- inference | NA | NA | 0 | 10.2 (8–12) | 20 | Canada | |||||
Control | 5 | ||||||||||||||||
Heinrich (2004) | DSM-IV | EEG-NF (SCP) | 25 | 13 | 3 | CPT – Hits | Inattention (27.27%) Combined (72.73%) | 112.9 | 45.45 | 10.81 (7–13) | 4.5 | Germany | |||||
Waitlist | 9 | ||||||||||||||||
Follow-up | |||||||||||||||||
Geladé (2017)] | DSM-IV-TR | EEG-NF (TB) | 30 | 33 | 24 | 1. Auditory oddball task – RT + CV 2. SST – RT + omission 3. VSWM- backward | NA | 99.94 | 0 | 9.68 (7–13) | 25 | The Netherlands | |||||
Physical activity | 31 | ||||||||||||||||
Schönenberg (2017) | DSM-IV-TR | EEG-NF (TB) | 30 | 37 | 24 | 1. INKA 2. CPT – RT 3. Stroop word and color test | NA | NA | 13.3 | 37.8 (18–60) | 44 | Germany | |||||
Sham | 38 | ||||||||||||||||
Bink (2016) | DSM-IV-TR | EEG-NF (TB) | 37 | 39 | 52 | 1. D2 Test – total score 2. Digit span- backward 3. Stroop word and color test | NA | NA | 48 | 15.95 (12–24) | 0 | The Netherlands | |||||
TAU | 19 | ||||||||||||||||