Surface electroencephalographic neurofeedback improves sustained attention in ADHD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Table 2 Subgroup analysis of factors affecting therapeutic benefits of electroencephalographic neurofeedback (EEG-NF) in subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their comparators (Hedges’ g)

Subgroup analysis	N_comp	g^a	95% CI	Z	Q^b	P^c
Treatment intensity (i.e., number of sessions per week)
One	3	0.24	− 0.12 to 0.61	1.30	1.93	0.03
Two	6	0.14	− 0.08 to 0.35	1.24
Three or more	4	0.62	− 0.04 to 1.27	1.84
Blinding to participants
No	12	0.35	0.12 to 0.58	3.02^**	1.76	0.006
Yes	2	0.05	− 0.34 to 0.43	0.23
Types of neurofeedback
Also including beta wave enhancement	2	0.82	− 0.43 to 2.06	1.28	1.13	0.02
Focusing on TB ratio	10	0.19	− 0.001 to 0.37	1.95
Basing on SCPs	2	0.31	− 0.17 to 0.78	1.27

^aAccording to the random effects model
^bCochran’s Q for measuring the heterogeneity in accordance with random effects analysis
^cSignificance of difference in effect sizes between subgroups; N_comp, Number of studies for comparison; TB, theta/beta; SCPs, Slow cortical potentials
^**p < 0.01 between EEG-NF and control groups

ISSN: 1753-2000