Outcome | Number of studies | Standardized mean difference, 95% CI | Odds Ratio, 95% CI | Summary of findings | Certainty of evidence (GRADE) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General depression symptoms | 17 studies | Low-risk-of-bias studies: 0.21, 0.12 to 0.30 All studies: 0.16, 0.07 to 0.25 | Low-risk-of-bias studies: 1.46, 1.24 to 1.72 (converteda) All studies: 1.34, 1.14 to 1.57 (converteda) | Low risk of bias studies predicted an increase of general depression symptoms in the total population, female and male children and adolescents with a dose response-relationship | ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊝ Moderateb,c,d |
Clinically relevant depressive rates | 5 studies | Low-risk-of-bias studies: 1.36, 1.05 to 1.76 All studies: 1.19, 0.93 to 1.53 | Low risk of bias studies predicted an increase of clinically relevant depressive symptoms in the total population and female children and adolescents; however, with partly moderate confidence intervals | ⊕ ⊕ ⊝ ⊝ Lowc,e |