From: Neurocognition and functioning in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis
Characteristic | Total (N = 116) | non-CHR-P (N = 50) | CHR-P (N = 47) | Psychosis (N = 19) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal history of any DSM-5 psychiatric disorder | |||||
 Number of DSM-5 diagnoses, mean ± SD | 1.62 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | .039* |
 Number of diagnoses ≥ 3, n(%) | 9(7.8) | 2(4.0) | 6(12.8) | 1(5.3) | 0.247 |
 Onset of psychiatric symptoms, months, median (IQR25,75) | 18.0(8.0,48.0) | 21.0(8.0, 60.0) | 18.0(8.0, 48.0) | 18.0(9.0, 48.0) | 0.94 |
Type of DSM-5 diagnoses, n(%) | |||||
 Depressive disorders | 43(37.1) | 18(36.0) | 21(44.7) | 4(21.1) | 0.155 |
 Anxiety disorders | 28(24.1) | 13(26.0) | 13(27.7) | 2(10.5) | 0.273 |
 Personality disorders | 25(21.6) | 9(18.0) | 15(31.9) | 1(5.3) | .035* |
 Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders | 7(6.0) | 3(6.0) | 2(4.3) | 2(10.5) | 0.656 |
 Eating disorders | 15(12.9) | 6(12.0) | 8(17.0) | 1(5.3) | 0.394 |
 Bipolar symptoms | 6(5.2) | 0.0(0.0) | 6(12.8) | 0(0.0) | .009* |
 Conversion disorder | 5(4.3) | 2(4.0) | 3(6.4) | 0 (0) | 0.494 |
 Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders | 4(3.4) | 1(2.0) | 2(4.3) | 1(5.3) | 0.753 |
 Othersa | 26(22.4) | 12(24.0) | 6(12.8) | 8(42.1) | .042* |
Specific psychiatric disorders | |||||
 Depressive disorders |  |  |  |  | 0.330 |
  Major depressive disorder | 15(12.9) | 5(10) | 8(17.0) | 2.0(10.5) |  |
  Other specified depressive disorder | 25(21.6) | 13(26.0) | 10(21.3) | 2(10.5) |  |
  Persistent depressive disorder | 2(1.7) | 0(0.0) | 2(4.3) | 0(0.0) |  |
 Anxiety disorders |  |  |  |  | 0.499 |
  Generalized anxiety disorder | 5(4.3) | 1(2.0) | 3(6.4) | 1(5.3) |  |
  Social anxiety disorder | 3(2.6) | 1(2.0) | 1(2.1) | 1(5.3) |  |
  Other specified anxiety disorder | 11(9.5) | 7(14.0) | 4(8.5) | 0(0) |  |
  Separation anxiety disorder | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0) |  |
  Panic disorder | 6(5.2) | 2(4.0) | 4(8.5) | 0(0) |  |
 Personality disorders (PD) |  |  |  |  | 0.116 |
  Borderline | 11(9.5) | 3(6.0) | 7(14.9) | 1(5.3) |  |
  Others PDb | 14(12.1) | 6(12.0) | 8(17.0) | 0(0) |  |
 Eating disorders |  |  |  |  | 0.140 |
  Anorexia nervosa | 10(8.6) | 2(4.0) | 7(14.9) | 1(5.3) |  |
  Others (bulimia/binge eating) | 5(4.3) | 4(8.0) | 1(2.1) | 0 (0) |  |
 Bipolar symptoms |  |  |  |  | 0.099 |
  Bipolar I or II symptoms | 4(3.4) | 0(0.0) | 4(8.5) | 0(0) |  |
  Other specified bipolar symptoms | 1(0.9) | 0(0.0) | 1(2.1) | 0(0) |  |
 Psychosis |  |  |  |  |  |
  Psychosis | 5 (4.31) | 1 (2.0) c | 0 (0) | 4 (21.05) |  |
  APS | 47 (40.52) | 0 (0) | 47 (100) | 0 (0) |  |
  Other psychotic disorder | 14 (12.07) | 5 (10.0) | 0 (0) | 9 (47.37) |  |
Presence of negative symptoms, n (%) | 90(77.6) | 33(66.0) | 39(83.0) | 18(94.7) | .020* |
CAARMS median (IRQ 25,75) | |||||
P1. Unusual thought content | |||||
 Severity | 1.0(0.0,4.0) | 0.0(0.0,0.75) | 2.0(1.0, 4.0) | 5.0(2.0,5.0) |  < .001** |
 Frequency | 2.0(0.0,4.0) | 0.0 (0.0,0.75) | 3.0(1.5, 4.5) | 5.0(3.0,5.0) |  < .001** |
P2. Non-bizarre ideas | |||||
 Severity | 2.0(0.0, 4.0) | 0.0(0.0,2.0) | 3.0(2.0, 4.0) | 5.0(5.0,6.0) |  < .001** |
 Frequency | 3.0(0.0, 5.0) | 0.0(0.0,2.0) | 4.0(1.5, 5.0) | 5.0 (5.0, 6.0) |  < .001** |
P3. Perceptual abnormalities | |||||
 Severity | 3.0(0.0,4.0) | 0.0(0.0,2.0) | 3.0(2.0,4.0) | 5.0(4.0,5.0) |  < .001** |
 Frequency | 2.0(0.0,4.0) | 0.0(0.0,1.7) | 3.0(1.0,4.0) | 4.0(3.0,5.0) |  < .001** |
P4. Disorganized speech | |||||
 Severity | 1.5(0,3.0) | 0.0(0.0,0.7) | 2.0(0.0,3.0) | 3.0 (2.0,5.0) |  < .001** |
 Frequency | 1.0(0.0,4.0) | 0.0(0.0,1.0) | 3.0(0.0,4.0) | 5.0(3.0,6.0) |  < .001** |
Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) median (IRQ 25, 75) | 4.0 (3.0, 6.0) | 3.0 (3.0, 4.0) | 5.0 (4.0, 6.0) | 6.0 (6.0, 6.0) |  < .001** |
 Functioning | |||||
  Current SOFAS median (IRQ 25,75) | 51.0 (40.0,60.0) | 60.0 (55.0,70.0) | 50.0 (40.0,53.0) | 32.0 (30.0,41.0) |  <.001** |
  Current role functioning (GF:R) median (IRQ 25,75) | 5.0 (3.0, 6.0) | 6.0 (5.0,7.0) | 4.0 (3.0,6.0) | 3.0 (2.0,3.0) |  < .001** |
  Current social functioning (GF:S) median (IRQ 25,75) | 5.0 (3.0,7.0) | 6.0 (5.0,7.75) | 5.0 (3.0,6.0) | 3.0 (2.0,4.0) |  < .001** |
  Global assessment functioning (CGAS) | 50.0 (40.0,60.0) | 60.0 (51.0,70.0) | 50.0 (41.0,50.0) | 35.0 (30.0,40.0) |  < .001** |
 Before baseline exposure to psychiatric treatments | |||||
  Psychotropic drugs, yes, n (%) | 46 (39.7) | 11 (22.0) | 22 (46.0) | 13 (86.0) |  < .001** |
  Number of psychotropic drugs, median (min, max) | 0.0 (0.0,4.0) | 0.0 (0.0,3.0) | 0.0 (0.0,4.0) | 1.0 (0.0,3.0) | 0.11 |
Type of psychotropic drugs, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Antipsychotics | 23 (19.8) | 4 (8.0) | 10 (21.3) | 9 (47.4) | .002* |
 Antidepressants | 22 (19.0) | 7 (14.0) | 11 (23.4) | 4 (21.1) | 0.511 |
 Benzodiazepines | 23 (19.8) | 3 (6.0) | 13 (27.7) | 7 (36.8) | .005* |
 Mood stabilizers | 4.0 (3.4) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (5.3) | 0.765 |
Duration of psychotropic treatment, days, median (IQR 25, 75) | 0.0 (0.0,30.0) | 0.0 (0.0,0.0) | 0.0 (0.0,6.0) | 2.0 (0.0,24.0) | .009* |
 Before baseline exposure to psychiatric treatments | |||||
  Drugs prescription during baseline, yes, n (%) | 72 (62.1) | 19 (38.0) | 36 (76.6) | 17 (89.5) |  < .001** |
  Antipsychotics | 41 (35.3) | 7 (14.0) | 18 (38.3) | 16 (84.2) |  < .001** |
  Antidepressants | 44 (37.9) | 14 (28.0) | 22 (46.8) | 8 (42.1) | 0.168 |
  Benzodiazepines | 26 (22.4) | 6 (12.0) | 12 (25.5) | 8 (42.1) | .031* |
  Mood stabilizers | 7 (6.0) | 1 (2.0) | 4 (8.5) | 1 (10.5) | 0.291 |
 Psychotherapy, yes, n (%) | 51 (44.0) | 20 (40.0) | 23 (48.9) | 8 (42.1) | 0.666 |
 Psychotherapy duration, days, median (IQR 25, 75) | 0.0 (0.0,12.0) | 0.0 (0.0,10.0) | 1.0 (0.0, 10.5) | 0.0 (0.0,12.0) | 0.960 |