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Table 3 Sex-specific association between the number of maternal ACEs and children’s HRQOL

From: Maternal adverse childhood experiences and health-related quality of life in preschool children: a cross-sectional study

 

β (95% CI) by number of maternal ACEs

P-value for trend

0

1

2

 ≥ 3

Boys

 Physical functioning

Ref

−2.81 (−5.41, −0.22) *

−4.71 (−7.76, −1.66) *

−5.11 (−8.03, −2.20) *

 < 0.001

 Emotional functioning

Ref

−0.43 (−1.71, 0.85)

−3.04 (−4.73, −1.35) *

−6.78 (−8.53, −5.03) *

 < 0.001

 Social functioning

Ref

−2.56 (−3.96, −1.15) *

−4.11 (−5.83, −2.39) *

−5.54 (−7.28, −3.80) *

 < 0.001

 School functioning

Ref

−5.33 (−7.17, −3.49) *

−3.94 (−6.11, −1.76) *

−4.80 (−6.90, −2.69) *

0.011

 Psychosocial health summary score

Ref

−2.77 (−3.81, −1.73) *

−3.70 (−4.99, −2.40) *

−5.70 (−7.02, −4.39) *

 < 0.001

 Total scale score

Ref

−2.78 (−3.90, −1.66) *

−3.95 (−5.34, −2.55) *

−5.56 (−6.93, −4.18) *

 < 0.001

Girls

 Physical functioning

Ref

−1.40 (−4.13, 1.32)

−2.59 (−5.60, 0.41)

−4.11 (−7.14, −1.08) *

0.003

 Emotional functioning

Ref

0.23 (−1.23, 1.70)

−3.47 (−5.35, −1.60) *

−7.88 (−9.86, −5.90) *

 < 0.001

 Social functioning

Ref

−0.79 (−2.32, 0.74)

−2.56 (−4.33, −0.78)

−3.38 (−5.13, −1.63) *

 < 0.001

 School functioning

Ref

−3.15 (−5.13, −1.16) *

−4.09 (−6.38, −1.80) *

−2.88 (−5.16, −0.60) *

0.051

 Psychosocial health summary score

Ref

−1.24 (−2.37, −0.10) *

−3.37 (−4.72, −2.03) *

−4.72 (−6.10, −3.33) *

 < 0.001

 Total scale score

Ref

−1.28 (−2.47, 0.08)

−3.18 (−4.59, −1.77) *

−4.56 (−6.00, −3.13) *

 < 0.001

  1. Models adjusted for children’s age, single child status, and primary caregivers, as well as maternal age, marital status, educational background, monthly per-capita income, level of family harmony, and negative emotional states
  2. ACEs adverse childhood experiences, HRQOL health-related quality of life, CI confidence interval
  3. *P-value < 0.05