Parental stress and physical violence against children during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic: results of a population-based survey in Germany

Table 2 Associations of sociodemographic characteristics, use of physical violence, own maltreatment experiences in childhood, depression, and anxiety with parental stress

Predictor	B	SE	Standardized Beta	P
Intercept	36.12***	2.18		<0 .001
Female sex	− 0.48	0.98	− 0.02	0.62
Employment	− 0.10	1.62	− 0.002	0.95
Income under poverty level	− 0.59	1.42	− 0.02	0.68
Living in relationship with father/mother of youngest child	− 3.59 **	1.20	− 0.12**	0.003
Age of first child	− 0.15 *	0.07	− 0.08*	0.04
Pre-existing somatic disorder	− 1.65	1.27	− 0.05	0.19
Pre-existing psychiatric disorder	1.40	1.51	0.04	0.35
Depressive symptoms	3.54***	0.65	0.29***	<0 .001
Anxiety symptoms	1.62*	0.66	0.13*	0.02
Use of physical violence against children	5.70***	1.17	0.21***	<0 .001
Parental experience of child maltreatment	1.61**	0.49	0.15**	0.001

Presented as Beta coefficients (B) and standard error (SE) and standardized Beta coefficients. (R² = 0.36; F(11,414) = 21.81, p < 0.001). (n = 415). *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05

ISSN: 1753-2000