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Table 2 Effects of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI on children’s CBCL scores at 3.5 years of age

From: Maternal weight, gut microbiota, and the association with early childhood behavior: the PREOBE follow-up study

CCL Scores at 3.5 years

Normal weight (n = 71)

Overweight (n = 45)

Obese

(n = 40)

Punadj

Padj

Emotionally reactive

54.80 ± 5.85

57.51 ± 6.74

56.83 ± 6.40

0.056

0.065

Anxious/depressed

54.68 ± 5.54a

57.47 ± 7.36a

56.65 ± 6.18a

0.044

0.083

Somatic complaints

55.37 ± 6.45

57.56 ± 7.72

56.68 ± 6.91

0.242

0.640

Withdrawn

56.48 ± 6.52

58.98 ± 7.88

56.13 ± 6.31

0.098

0.532

Sleep problems

55.92 ± 8.10

57.33 ± 8.06

55.75 ± 6.15

0.547

0.296

Attention problems

53.66 ± 5.05

54.96 ± 4.71

54.20 ± 4.60

0.376

0.725

Aggressive behaviour

53.46 ± 3.96

55.31 ± 5.90

55.30 ± 5.25

0.137

0.234

Internalizing problems

52.99 ± 9.00a

57.27 ± 10.16a

55.10 ± 9.40a

0.048

0.199

Externalizing problems

50.25 ± 7.53

53.29 ± 7.91

53.05 ± 7.60

0.062

0.345

Total problems

52.04 ± 8.11a

56.04 ± 9.17b

54.90 ± 8.85a,b

0.039

0.243

Affective problems

55.93 ± 6.11

58.13 ± 7.52

56.75 ± 6.09

0.213

0.387

Anxiety problems

54.83 ± 6.44a

58.33 ± 8.91b

57.88 ± 7.85a,b

0.027

0.472

Pervasive developmental problems

56.21 ± 6.44

58.78 ± 7.64

56.85 ± 7.13

0.153

0.913

Attention deficit/ hyperactivity problems

53.35 ± 4.73

54.98 ± 4.91

55.10 ± 5.50

0.114

0.758

Oppositional defiant problems

53.63 ± 4.22

54.78 ± 6.30

55.90 ± 5.80

0.241

0.378

  1. Data are expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation
  2. Punadj = Level of significance unadjusted—Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Values not sharing the same suffix (ab) were significantly different in a Bonferroni post hoc test
  3. Padj = Level of significance adjusted by potential confounders—Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for the group differences using univariate general linear model including main effects from the following possible confounder: Weight gain during pregnancy, maternal educational level and maternal IQ (n = 156)
  4. Bold: p-value < 0.05