Table 2 Odds ratios for family referrals, with 95% confidence interval (CI). N = 2054

Fixed effects

Individual-level variables

Ethnicity

   Swedish

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Nordic countries (other than Sweden)

1.15 (0.56-2.39)

1.05 (0.48-.2.26)

1.23 (0.58-2.57)

   Other European countries

0.50 (0.30-0.84)*

0.45 (0.26-0.78)**

0.53 (0.31-0.92)*

   Asia

0.67 (0.44-1.02)

0.69 (0.47-1.03)

0.88 (0.59-1.33)

   South America

1.06 (0.53-2.11)

0.94 (0.47-1.87)

1.17 (0.59-2.34)

   Africa

0.28 (0.14-0.60)**

0.30 (0.14-0.65)**

0.35 (0.17-0.72)**

Gender

   Girl

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Boy

0.91 (0.73-1.14)

0.95 (0.76-1.20)

Age

0.78***

0.78***

Family structure

   Living with both parents

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Not living with both parents

0.86 (0.67-1.11)

0.91 (0.71-1.17)

Neighbourhood-level variable

Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation

0.68 (0.62-0.76)***

Random effects

Between-neighbourhood variance (SE)¹

0.266 (0.515) ***

0.205 (0.452) ***

0.173 (0.416)***

0.007 (0.084)

ICC (%)

7.5

5.9

5.0

0.2

Explained variance (%)

-

21.3

33.3

97.3