Table 5 Odds ratios for health/mental healthcare referrals, with 95% confidence interval (CI). N = 2054

Fixed effects

Individual-level variables

Ethnicity

   Swedish

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Nordic countries (other than Sweden)

1.37 (0.75-2.50)

1.41 (0.76-2.62)

1.39 (0.74-2.61)

   Other European countries

1.39 (0.86-2.25)

1.34 (0.82-2.20)

1.32 (0.83-2.11)

   Asia

1.57 (1.16-2.13)**

1.62 (1.18-2.22)**

1.58 (1.19-2.11)**

   South America

2.11 (1.24-3-57)**

2.07 (1.22-3.51)**

2.03 (1.21-3.38)**

   Africa

1.07 (0.49-2.34)

1.16 (0.55-2.45)

1.13 (0.52-2.46)

Gender

   Girl

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Boy

1.24 (1.02-1.50)*

1.24 (1.02-1.50)*

Age

0.90 (0.85-0.95)***

0.90 (0.85-0.95)***

Family structure

   Living with both parents

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Not living with both parents

0.70 (0.60-0.83)***

0.70 (0.60-0.83)***

Neighbourhood-level variable

Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation

1.02 (0.92-1.13)

Random effects

Between-neighbourhood variance (SE)¹

0.027 (0.164)

0.011 (0.105)

0.005 (0.074)

0.006 (0.078)

ICC (%)

0.8

0.3

0.2

0.2

Explained variance (%)

-

62.5

75.0

75.0