Table 2 Mean scores of parent- and teacher-rated SDQs and gender and age effects

Parent ratings

(n = 12,472)

(n = 12,047)

(n = 9,968)

(n = 8,584)

(n = 6,267)

  Total difficulties

8.02

(5.26)

7.11

(4.76)

^‡

8.39

(5.09)

7.20

(4.94)

6.82

(4.94)

^{a‡ b‡ c‡, 0.15}

  Emotional symptoms

1.31

(1.67)

1.49

(1.76)

^‡

1.59

(1.77)

1.33

(1.67)

1.21

(1.68)

^{a‡ b‡ c‡, 0.11}

  Conduct problems

1.92

(1.59)

1.70

(1.43)

^‡

2.01

(1.57)

1.74

(1.50)

1.62

(1.43)

^{a‡ b‡ c‡, 0.12}

  Hyperactivity/inattention

3.23

(2.30)

2.49

(1.98)

^‡

3.27

(2.26)

2.69

(2.13)

2.49

(2.00)

^{a‡ b‡ c‡, 0.16}

  Peer problems

1.55

(1.69)

1.42

(1.50)

^‡

1.52

(1.57)

1.44

(1.58)

1.51

(1.68)

^a‡

  Prosocial behavior

5.80

(2.15)

6.50

(2.08)

^‡

6.18

(2.10)

6.26

(2.15)

5.91

(2.20)

^{a† b‡ c‡}

Teacher ratings

(n = 4,010)

(n = 3,967)

(n = 3,098)

(n = 2,962)

(n = 1,917)

  Total difficulties

6.37

(5.80)

3.95

(4.50)

^‡, 0.24

5.74

(5.70)

4.94

(5.22)

4.58

(4.79)

^{a‡ c‡}

  Emotional symptoms

0.82

(1.48)

0.77

(1.42)

^†

0.93

(1.55)

0.76

(1.44)

0.64

(1.23)

^{a‡ b‡ c†}

  Conduct problems

1.20

(1.68)

0.68

(1.22)

^‡

1.06

(1.61)

0.90

(1.45)

0.81

(1.35)

^{a† c‡}

  Hyperactivity/inattention

2.89

(2.67)

1.37

(1.76)

^‡, 0.31

2.46

(2.60)

2.01

(2.32)

1.79

(2.04)

^{a‡ c‡}

  Peer problems

1.47

(1.86)

1.13

(1.56)

^‡

1.30

(1.71)

1.28

(1.75)

1.34

(1.73)

  Prosocial behavior

5.73

(2.74)

7.14

(2.49)

^‡, 0.26

6.47

(2.68)

6.48

(2.70)

6.28

(2.76)

^c†