A cross-sectional study of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: support for a specific distress-function relationship

Table 3 Hierarchical multiple regression for the automatic and social functions of NSSI

	Automatic functions						Social functions
Block of predictors	R ² change	B	SE B	β	t	p	R ² change	B	SE (HC) ^†	β	t ^†	p ^†
1 Frequency of NSSI	.24***	.05	.01	.18	6.79	<.001	.09***	.02	.01	.07	1.42	.155
2. Gender (female)	.12***	.95	.27	.10	3.53	<.001	.03***	−.21	.42	−.02	−.50	.617
3. Self-reported exposure to adversities	.13***						.10***
Bullied		−.36	.26	−.04	−1.42	.157		.25	.35	.03	.70	.483
Having made a suicide attempt		1.78	.34	.14	5.29	<.001		1.57	.63	.12	2.51	.012
Physical abuse by adult in family		.57	.29	.05	1.99	.047		1.42	.53	.12	2.68	.008
Sexual abuse by adult in family or other		.39	.34	.03	1.14	.254		.77	.56	.06	1.37	.170
Emotional abuse		.61	.26	.06	2.31	.021		.12	.37	.01	.31	.755
Parental chronic adversity		.15	.23	.02	.65	.518		−.21	.31	−.02	−.67	.505
Prolonged illness or handicap during upbringing		.75	.32	.05	2.34	.020		.79	.51	.06	1.55	.121
4. Self-reported symptoms of traumatic stress	.13***						.06***
Depression		.34	.04	.40	9.37	<.001		.03	.06	.03	.49	.622
Anxiety		.004	.04	.004	.09	.927		.17	.07	.16	2.45	.014
Anger		−.04	.03	−.04	−1.35	.178		.03	.04	.04	.79	.427
Posttraumatic stress		.02	.03	.03	.66	.512		−.001	.04	−.002	−.03	.975
Dissociation		.11	.03	.14	3.61	<.001		.12	.05	.15	2.48	.013

Note. NSSI = non-suicidal self-injury, boldface values represent unique relationship between predictor and automatic or social functions, all statistics (except R² change) presented in the table refer to the final fourth model, ^†values adjusted using the heteroscedasticity-consistent standard error (HCSE) estimator [53], n = 808 in the model of social functions, due to listwise deletion of missing being the default option in the HCSE macro, ***p < .001.