Table 5 Association between earthquake exposures and mental health outcomes in children and adolescents

Child seriously injured

 Yes

4.67 ± 3.79

11.00 ± 6.00

31.33 ± 0.58

 No

6.71 ± 3.53

8.02 ± 5.72

31.17 ± 2.58

Family member/friend seriously injured or killed

 Yes

8.59 ± 4.30*

11.76 ± 6.43*

31.00 ± 2.06

 No

5.87 ± 2.93

6.80 ± 4.85

31.24 ± 2.69

Witnessed injury or death

 Yes

7.67 ± 2.66

11.17 ± 1.83

31.00 ± 2.76

 No

6.50 ± 3.62

7.84 ± 5.91

31.20 ± 2.52

Was separated from parents or primary caretaker(s)

 Yes

–

–

–

 No

–

–

–

Home destroyed, badly damaged by earthquakes

 Yes

–

–

–

 No

–

–

–

Saw neighborhood destroyed or badly damaged

 Yes

–

–

–

 No

–

–

–

Pet: separated from, lost, hurt or killed

 Yes

12.00 ± N/A

15.00 ± N/A

34.00 ± N/A

 No

6.52 ± 3.50

8.05 ± 5.70

31.13 ± 2.51

Belongings, clothes/toys destroyed by earthquake

 Yes

6.43 ± 3.25

8.70 ± 5.29

31.48 ± 2.16

 No

7.13 ± 4.35

6.63 ± 6.77

30.31 ± 3.28

Trapped/difficulty evacuating

 Yes

7.17 ± 3.37

8.33 ± 7.31

31.50 ± 2.43

 No

6.55 ± 3.58

8.14 ± 5.61

31.14 ± 2.55

Isolated

 Yes

9.00 ± N/A

10.00 ± N/A

29.00 ± N/A

 No

6.57 ± 3.56

8.13 ± 5.76

31.21 ± 2.52

In other crowded shelter

 Yes

7.70 ± 3.91

8.05 ± 6.64

31.25 ± 2.36

 No

6.10 ± 3.27

8.21 ± 5.32

31.14 ± 2.62

Exposed to violence or looting

 Yes

9.00 ± N/A

5.00 ± N/A

30.00 ± N/A

 No

6.57 ± 3.56

8.21 ± 5.76

31.20 ± 2.54

Displaced from home

 Yes

–

–

–

 No

–

–

–

Experienced shelter/displacement centers

 Yes

6.73 ± 3.64

8.02 ± 5.61

31.09 ± 2.57

 No

5.50 ± 2.43

9.50 ± 7.12

32.00 ± 1.90

Transferred to new school because of earthquakes

 Yes

5.80 ± 4.27

10.20 ± 6.38

32.80 ± 1.30

 No

6.68 ± 3.51

7.98 ± 5.69

31.04 ± 2.56

Helped in rescue/recovery efforts

 Yes

6.11 ± 3.55

8.67 ± 5.32

31.89 ± 1.81

 No

6.82 ± 3.56

7.95 ± 5.93

30.89 ± 2.72

Family member served as rescue/recovery worker

 Yes

6.42 ± 3.51

8.55 ± 4.77

31.29 ± 2.77

 No

6.81 ± 3.62

7.77 ± 6.60

31.06 ± 2.28

Parent currently unemployed

 Yes

11.00 ± N/A

9.00 ± N/A

31.00 ± N/A

 No

6.54 ± 3.52

8.15 ± 5.77

31.18 ± 2.54

Previous earthquake experience

 Yes

5.83 ± 4.12

6.33 ± 5.54

31.67 ± 2.16

 No

6.70 ± 3.51

8.36 ± 5.76

31.13 ± 2.57

Past major loss or trauma

 Yes

9.00 ± 1.41

9.00 ± 4.24

32.50 ± 2.12

 No

6.53 ± 3.57

8.13 ± 5.79

31.13 ± 2.53

Additional loss (livestock)

 Yes

6.45 ± 3.28

8.65 ± 5.18

31.95 ± 1.76

 No

6.69 ± 3.69

7.93 ± 6.01

30.81 ± 2.75