Executive functioning and neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood: a prospective population-based study

Table 2 The association between executive functioning and ASD traits (n = 3938)

	Mother-reported ASD traits
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p	β	95% CI	p
Executive functioning total	0.45	0.43–0.48	< .001	0.40	0.37–0.43	< .001	0.33	0.30–0.37	< .001
Inhibition	0.38	0.35–0.41	< .001	0.31	0.28–0.35	< .001	0.22	0.19–0.26	< .001
Shifting	0.33	0.30–0.36	< .001	0.29	0.26–0.32	< .001	0.22	0.19–0.25	< .001
Emotional control	0.30	0.26–0.33	< .001	0.27	0.23–0.30	< .001	0.17	0.14–0.20	< .001
Working memory	0.41	0.38–0.44	< .001	0.34	0.31–0.38	< .001	0.27	0.23–0.30	< .001
Planning/organizing	0.36	0.33–0.39	< .001	0.29	0.26–0.33	< .001	0.21	0.18–0.24	< .001

Parameter estimates are standardized betas with 95% confidence intervals and significance values. Model 1 is unadjusted
Model 2 is adjusted for covariates: gender, gestational age, ethnicity, age at ASD traits questionnaire, maternal education, and maternal psychopathology. Model 3 is adjusted for the covariates in model 2 and baseline emotional and behavioral problems (parent-rated CBCL total problems at age 3)

ISSN: 1753-2000