Executive functioning and neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood: a prospective population-based study

Table 5 The association between executive functioning and ADHD diagnoses (n = 4000; diagnoses n = 194)

	ADHD diagnoses
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Executive functioning total	3.18	2.70–3.74	< .001	2.83	2.37–3.38	< .001	2.32	1.89–2.85	< .001
Inhibition	7.33	5.59–9.61	< .001	6.15	4.61–8.20	< .001	4.59	3.34–6.32	< .001
Shifting	3.10	2.29–4.20	< .001	2.30	1.67–3.17	< .001	1.37	0.97–1.95	.077
Emotional control	5.57	4.10–7.55	< .001	4.24	3.08–5.84	< .001	2.59	1.81–3.71	< .001
Working memory	4.73	3.68–6.08	< .001	3.82	2.92–4.99	< .001	2.64	1.96–3.56	< .001
Planning/organizing	7.73	5.46–10.93	< .001	5.74	3.97–8.30	< .001	3.56	2.38–5.33	< .001

Parameter estimates are odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and significance values. Model 1 is unadjusted
Model 2 is adjusted for covariates: gender, gestational age, ethnicity, age at mother-reported ADHD symptoms interview, maternal education, and maternal psychopathology. Model 3 is adjusted for the covariates in model 2 and baseline emotional and behavioral problems (parent-rated CBCL total problems at age 3)

ISSN: 1753-2000