Table 3 Subjective well-being (SWB) of left-behind children (LBC) with different characteristics
Characteristics | N | % | Positive affect | Negative affect | Life satisfaction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | P | Mean | SD | P | Mean | SD | P | |||
Parental migration status | |||||||||||
Father migrated | 142 | 38.9 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 0.216 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 0.192 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 0.268 |
Mother migrated | 14 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 0.7 | |||
Both migrated | 162 | 44.4 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 4.7 | 0.9 | |||
Past migrated | 47 | 12.9 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 4.8 | 1.0 | |||
Type of caregivers | |||||||||||
Single-parent | 162 | 44.4 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 0.282 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 0.116 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 0.628 |
Grandparents | 123 | 33.7 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 0.8 | |||
Uncles/aunts | 49 | 13.4 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 4.8 | 0.9 | |||
Brothers/sisters | 12 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 4.9 | 0.9 | |||
By oneself | 19 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 4.5 | 1.1 | |||
Contact frequency with parents | |||||||||||
1 per 30 days or more | 43 | 11.8 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 0.003 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.161 | 4.2 | 0.9 | < 0.001 |
1 per 15–30 days | 71 | 19.5 | 3.3 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 0.8 | |||
1 per 4–7 days | 107 | 29.3 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 0.8 | |||
1 per 2–3 days | 69 | 18.9 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 4.8 | 0.8 | |||
Daily | 75 | 20.6 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 0.9 | 5.0 | 0.8 | |||
Frequency of parents visiting children | |||||||||||
≥ 1 year | 32 | 8.8 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 0.125 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0.495 | 4.5 | 1.0 | 0.028 |
Every 6 months to 1 year | 69 | 18.9 | 3.1 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 4.6 | 1.0 | |||
Every 3–6 months | 91 | 24.9 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 4.6 | 0.8 | |||
Every 1–3 months | 62 | 17.0 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 4.5 | 0.9 | |||
Every month | 111 | 30.4 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 4.9 | 0.8 | |||