Table 1 Characteristics of included literature
From: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise on depression in adolescents
Name | Country | Population | Mean age (year) | Sample size N (female %) | Exercise group | Control group | Outcome | Effect of exercise and follow-up points | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Exercise program duration (week) | Exercise session duration (min) | Frequency (sessions/week) | ||||||||
Brown et al. (1992) | United States | 1. Diagnosed at mental health center; 2. Depression | 15.60 | 27 (41%) | Aerobic exercise (jogging) | 9 | 45 | 3 | Conventional treatment | BDI | Significant ▲: 11; △: 5 No adverse events |
Roshan et al. (2011) | Iran | 1. Diagnosed at hospital; 2. Depression | 16.87 | 24 (100%) | Aerobic exercise① (walking in water) | 6 | 30 | 3 | Conventional treatment | HAMD | Significant ▲: 0; △: 0 No adverse events |
Hughes et al. (2013) | United States | 1. Diagnosed at outpatient clinic; 2. Depression | 17.00 | 26 (42%) | Aerobic exercise (jogging/power bike) | 12 | 30 | 3 | Conventional treatment | CDRS-R | 1. Not significant at 3/12 weeks and significant at 6/9 weeks 2. Follow-up: 24/48 weeks 3. ▲: 0; △: 0 4. No adverse events |
Carter et al. (2015) | United Kingdom | 1. Diagnosed at mental health center; 2. Depression | 15.40 | 87 (78%) | Aerobic exercise② (aerobics) | 6 | 45 | 3 | Conventional treatment | CDI-2 | 1. Not significant 2. Follow-up: 24 weeks (significant) 3. ▲: 8; △: 14 4. No adverse events |
Wunram et al. (2017a) | Germany | 1. Diagnosed at inpatient department; 2. Depression | 15.80 | 44 (77%) | Whole-body muscle vibration training | 6 | 30 | 4 | Conventional treatment | DIKJ | 1. Not significant 2. Follow-up: 14 /26 weeks (the second of which was significant) 3. ▲: 3; △: 6 4. No adverse events |
Wunram et al. (2017b) | Germany | 1. Diagnosed at inpatient department; 2. Depression | 15.90 | 43 (72%) | Aerobic exercise (power bike) | 6 | 30 | 4 | Conventional treatment | DIKJ | 1. Not significant 2. Follow-up: 14 /26 weeks (the second of which was significant) 3. ▲: 3; △: 6 4. No adverse events |
Hilyer et al. (1982) | United States | 1. Recruited at school for young offenders; 2.Depressive symptoms | 17.00 | 60 (-) | Resistance + aerobic exercise | 20 | 90 | 3 | Conventional treatment | BDI | Significant ▲: 0; △: 0 No adverse events |
MacMahon et al. (1988a) | United States | 1. Recruited at juvenile detention center; 2.Depressive symptoms | 15.60 | 39 (-) | Aerobic exercise③ (aerobics) | 12 | 40 | 3 | Regular activities | BDI | Significant ▲: 0; △: 0 No adverse events |
MacMahon et al. (1988b) | United States | 1. Recruited at juvenile detention center; 2.Depressive symptoms | 17.20 | 30 (-) | Aerobic exercise③ (aerobics) | 12 | 40 | 3 | Regular activities | BDI | Significant ▲: 0; △: 0 No adverse events |
Bonhauser et al. (2005) | Chile | 1. 9th grade public junior high school students; 2. Depressive symptoms | 15.53 | 198 (52%) | Aerobic exercise | 40 | 90 | 3 | Regular activities | HADS | Not significant ▲: 8; △: 7 No adverse events |
Mohammadi. (2011a) | Iran | 1. Public high school students; 2. Depressive symptoms | 16.60 | 60 (-) | Aerobic exercise (group aerobic exercise) | 8 | 75 | 3 | Conventional treatment | BDI | Significant ▲: 0; △: 0 No adverse events |
Mohammadi. (2011b) | Iran | 1. Public high school students; 2. Depressive symptoms | 16.60 | 60 (-) | Aerobic exercise (personal aerobic exercise) | 8 | 75 | 3 | Conventional treatment | BDI | Significant ▲: 0; △: 0 No adverse events |
Jeong et al. (2005) | Korea | 1. Girls’ high school students; 2. Depressive symptoms | 16.00 | 40 (100%) | Aerobic exercise (aerobic dance) | 12 | 45 | 3 | Conventional treatment | SCL-90-R | Significant ▲: 0; △: 0 No adverse events |
Khalsa et al. (2012) | United States | 1. 11/12th grade senior high school students in rural school; 2. Depressive symptoms | 16.80 | 121 (42%) | Self-designed yoga | 11 | 30 | 2 | Regular activities | POMS-SF | Not significant ▲: 3; △: 17 No adverse events |
Noggle et al. (2012) | United States | 1. 11/12th grade senior high school students in rural school; 2. Depressive symptoms | 17.20 | 51 (57%) | Kripalu Yoga | 10 | 40 | 3 | Regular activities | POMS-SF | Not significant ▲: 0; △: 0 No adverse events |
Velasquez et al. (2015) | Colombia | 1. Public junior high school students; 2. Depressive symptoms | 13.20 | 125 (-) | Satyananda Yoga | 12 | 120 | 2 | Regular activities | SDQ | Not significant ▲: 11; △: 0 No adverse events |
Butzer et al. (2017) | United States | 1. 7th grade public junior high school students; 2. Depressive symptoms | 12.64 | 209 (63%) | Kripalu Yoga | 16 | 45 | 2 | Regular activities | BRUMS | 1. Significant 2. Follow-up: 24/48 weeks 3. ▲: 4; △: 0; 4. No adverse events |
Costigan et al. (2016a) | Australia | 1. Public junior high school students; 2. Depressive symptoms | 15.65 | 43 (-) | Aerobic exercise④ (aerobic running and jumping) | 8 | 8 | 3 | Regular activities | K-10 | Not significant ▲: 2; △: 0; No adverse events |
Costigan et al. (2016b) | Australia | 1. Public junior high school students; 2. Depressive symptoms | 15.55 | 44 (-) | Resistance + aerobic exercise④ | 8 | 8 | 3 | Regular activities | K-10 | Not significant ▲: 1; △: 0; No adverse events |