From: Experience of annual events in the family and social adjustment of school-age children
Prosocial behaviors | Externalizing problems | Internalizing problems | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | P-value | M | SD | P-value | M | SD | P-value | |
Child’s sex | |||||||||
Boy | 6.27 | 2.22 | < 0.001 | 5.26 | 3.21 | < 0.001 | 3.50 | 3.17 | 0.575 |
Girl | 7.07 | 2.05 | 3.97 | 2.92 | 3.37 | 2.80 | |||
Family composition | |||||||||
Single-parent household | 6.50 | 2.52 | 0.571 | 4.79 | 3.24 | 0.671 | 4.58 | 3.30 | 0.013 |
Two-parent household | 6.70 | 2.14 | 4.57 | 3.12 | 3.36 | 2.95 | |||
Siblings | |||||||||
No | 6.50 | 2.09 | 0.319 | 4.79 | 3.30 | 0.481 | 4.01 | 3.28 | 0.033 |
Yes | 6.73 | 2.18 | 4.55 | 3.10 | 3.33 | 2.92 | |||
Annual household income | |||||||||
Less than 3 million yen | 6.36 | 2.07 | 0.133 | 4.83 | 3.17 | 0.282 | 4.42 | 3.62 | 0.024 |
3–6 million yen | 6.90 | 2.17 | 4.73 | 3.39 | 3.56 | 3.00 | |||
6–9 million yen | 6.47 | 2.21 | 4.69 | 3.09 | 3.42 | 2.93 | |||
More than 9 million yen | 6.62 | 2.11 | 4.13 | 2.55 | 2.95 | 2.76 | |||
Mother’s educational background | |||||||||
Middle school or high school | 6.53 | 1.93 | 0.068 | 4.92 | 3.45 | 0.367 | 4.06 | 2.96 | 0.021 |
Junior college or vocational school | 6.91 | 2.16 | 4.55 | 3.08 | 3.24 | 3.21 | |||
University or graduate school | 6.50 | 2.27 | 4.45 | 2.98 | 3.27 | 2.65 | |||
Father’s educational background | |||||||||
Middle school or high school | 6.92 | 2.10 | 0.233 | 4.80 | 3.11 | 0.209 | 3.83 | 3.30 | 0.122 |
Junior college or vocational school | 6.70 | 2.14 | 4.92 | 3.55 | 3.20 | 2.90 | |||
University or graduate school | 6.57 | 2.19 | 4.39 | 3.05 | 3.30 | 2.85 | |||
Overall | 6.69 | 2.17 | 4.59 | 3.13 | 3.44 | 2.99 |