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Table 4 Participants’ characteristics and the child’s social adjustment behaviors

From: Experience of annual events in the family and social adjustment of school-age children

 

Prosocial behaviors

Externalizing problems

Internalizing problems

M

SD

P-value

M

SD

P-value

M

SD

P-value

Child’s sex

         

 Boy

6.27

2.22

< 0.001

5.26

3.21

< 0.001

3.50

3.17

0.575

 Girl

7.07

2.05

 

3.97

2.92

 

3.37

2.80

 

Family composition

         

 Single-parent household

6.50

2.52

0.571

4.79

3.24

0.671

4.58

3.30

0.013

 Two-parent household

6.70

2.14

 

4.57

3.12

 

3.36

2.95

 

Siblings

         

 No

6.50

2.09

0.319

4.79

3.30

0.481

4.01

3.28

0.033

 Yes

6.73

2.18

 

4.55

3.10

 

3.33

2.92

 

Annual household income

         

 Less than 3 million yen

6.36

2.07

0.133

4.83

3.17

0.282

4.42

3.62

0.024

 3–6 million yen

6.90

2.17

 

4.73

3.39

 

3.56

3.00

 

 6–9 million yen

6.47

2.21

 

4.69

3.09

 

3.42

2.93

 

 More than 9 million yen

6.62

2.11

 

4.13

2.55

 

2.95

2.76

 

Mother’s educational background

         

 Middle school or high school

6.53

1.93

0.068

4.92

3.45

0.367

4.06

2.96

0.021

 Junior college or vocational school

6.91

2.16

 

4.55

3.08

 

3.24

3.21

 

 University or graduate school

6.50

2.27

 

4.45

2.98

 

3.27

2.65

 

Father’s educational background

         

 Middle school or high school

6.92

2.10

0.233

4.80

3.11

0.209

3.83

3.30

0.122

 Junior college or vocational school

6.70

2.14

 

4.92

3.55

 

3.20

2.90

 

 University or graduate school

6.57

2.19

 

4.39

3.05

 

3.30

2.85

 

Overall

6.69

2.17

 

4.59

3.13

 

3.44

2.99