Feasibility and acceptability of a multicomponent, group psychological intervention for adolescents with psychosocial distress in public schools of Pakistan: a feasibility cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT)

Hamdani, Syed Usman; Huma, Zill-e; Tamizuddin-Nizami, Asad; Baneen, Um-ul; Suleman, Nadia; Javed, Hashim; Malik, Aiysha; Wang, Duolao; Mazhar, Samra; Khan, Shahzad Alam; Minhas, Fareed Aslam; Rahman, Atif

doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00480-z

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

Table 3 Summary of mixed model analysis of outcomes (N = 59)

From: Feasibility and acceptability of a multicomponent, group psychological intervention for adolescents with psychosocial distress in public schools of Pakistan: a feasibility cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT)

Measurements	Visits	Descriptive statistics				Mixed model analysis
		Wait list control		EASE Intervention		Difference in mean (95% CI)	p-value
		N	Mean (SD)	N	Mean (SD)	Difference in mean (95% CI)	p-value
PSC total score	Baseline	30	34.17 (5.25)	29	34.52 (5.55)
PSC total score	3-months post-intervention	28	15.57 (10.28)	28	15.00 (10.42)	0.42 (− 4.81 to 5.65)	0.8721
PSC internalizing score	Baseline	30	5.27 (1.80)	29	5.17 (1.69)
PSC internalizing score	3-months post-intervention	28	1.57 (1.87)	28	1.79 (1.91)	− 0.33 (− 1.62 to 0.95)	0.6073
PSC externalizing score	Baseline	30	5.43 (2.50)	29	4.83 (1.97)
PSC externalizing score	3-months post-intervention	28	2.64 (2.47)	28	2.11 (2.20)	0.33 (− 1.15 to 1.81)	0.6516
PSC attention score	Baseline	30	5.70 (1.86)	29	5.86 (2.12)
PSC attention score	3-months post-intervention	28	2.75 (2.62)	28	2.43 (2.18)	0.28 (− 0.97 to 1.54)	0.6520
Somatic symptoms scores	Baseline	30	5.70 (3.55)	29	4.72 (2.74)
Somatic symptoms scores	3-months post-intervention	30	3.18 (3.48)	28	1.89 (2.30)	1.10 (− 1.29 to 3.50)	0.3582
PHQ total score	Baseline	28	7.20 (5.06)	29	7.59 (3.91)
PHQ total score	3-months post-intervention	30	5.64 (5.70)	28	3.71 (3.86)	2.11 (− 0.32 to 4.54)	0.0873
Perceived emotional personal support total score	Baseline	28	34.97 (17.76)	29	32.21 (14.23)
Perceived emotional personal support total score	3-months post-intervention	30	25.43 (13.00)	28	29.56 (11.55)	− 4.12 (− 14.24 to 6.01)	0.4176
PEPSQ family subscale score	Baseline	28	16.43 (9.46)	29	18.03 (7.74)
PEPSQ family subscale score	3-months post-intervention	30	13.57 (5.46)	27	17.26 (7.36)	− 3.41 (− 7.86 to 1.05)	0.1307
PEPSQ others subscale score	Baseline	22	9.14 (5.48)	8	10.50 (1.69)
PEPSQ others subscale score	3-months post-intervention	9	9.22 (2.99)	7	9.14 (2.79)	− 1.05 (− 6.19 to 4.09)	0.6443
PEPSQ friends subscale score	Baseline	25	14.20 (7.11)	24	13.63 (5.17)
PEPSQ friends subscale score	3-months post-intervention	16	15.56 (9.25)	20	13.40 (5.07)	0.73 (− 4.32 to 5.78)	0.7689
Edinburg Mental Wellbeing Scale total score	Baseline	30	18.67 (5.44)	29	20.52 (5.51)
Edinburg Mental Wellbeing Scale total score	3-months post-intervention	28	21.82 (5.50)	28	21.00 (5.22)	1.53 (− 1.25 to 4.30)	0.2744
Social problem solving inventory total score	Baseline	30	44.33 (13.31)	29	47.62 (9.93)
Social problem solving inventory total score	3-months post-intervention	28	37.46 (10.58)	28	35.75 (11.86)	2.54 (− 5.44 to 10.53)	0.5247
APQ total	Baseline	30	102.20 (19.51)	29	107.34 (17.53)
APQ total	3-months post-intervention	28	107.50 (18.25)	28	106.07 (14.29)	3.64 (− 4.63 to 11.90)	0.3805
APQ positive parenting	Baseline	30	19.73 (4.32)	29	20.66 (4.72)
APQ positive parenting	3-months post-intervention	28	21.32 (4.26)	28	22.04 (4.53)	− 0.28 (− 2.84 to 2.27)	0.8254
APQ involvement	Baseline	30	26.83 (6.93)	29	28.76 (6.99)
APQ involvement	3-months post-intervention	28	1.68 (12.68)	28	51.79 (11.28)	0.85 (− 5.43 to 7.12)	0.7875
APQ poor monitoring	Baseline	30	19.87 (5.18)	29	20.66 (6.06)
APQ poor monitoring	3-months post-intervention	28	19.61 (6.27)	28	17.18 (4.92)	2.73 (− 0.10 to 5.55)	0.0582
APQ discipline	Baseline	30	12.80 (3.55)	29	13.17 (3.92)
APQ discipline	3-months post-intervention	28	12.57 (3.95)	28	11.89 (3.10)	0.89 (− 1.32 to 3.11)	0.4214
APQ corporal punishment	Baseline	30	6.07 (1.72)	29	5.90 (2.13)
APQ corporal punishment	3-months post-intervention	28	5.86 (1.92)	28	5.07 (2.14)	0.75 (− 0.49 to 2.00)	0.2284
PPedsQL averaged out score	Baseline	30	79.65 (14.19)	29	81.54 (19.27)
PPedsQL averaged out score	3-months post-intervention	28	86.95 (14.71)	28	87.50 (13.45)	0.49 (− 9.79 to 10.77)	0.9240
PPedsQL physical functioning mean	Baseline	30	80.14 (17.97)	29	82.04 (20.02)
PPedsQL physical functioning mean	3-months post-intervention	30	88.36 (18.11)	28	91.52 (15.49)	− 2.26 (− 14.08 to 9.56)	0.7026
PPedsQL emotional functioning mean	Baseline	28	73.00 (17.65)	29	73.28 (24.97)
PPedsQL emotional functioning mean	3-months post-intervention	30	80.86 (18.95)	28	84.31 (18.21)	− 3.15 (− 15.10 to 8.81)	0.5993
PPedsQL social functioning mean	Baseline	28	88.13 (14.71)	29	85.99 (21.24)
PPedsQL social functioning mean	3-months post-intervention	30	87.72 (20.90)	28	89.66 (14.40)	− 2.78 (− 15.21 to 9.66)	0.6554
PPedsQL cognitive functioning mean	Baseline	28	82.00 (18.69)	29	80.34 (23.64)
PPedsQL cognitive functioning mean	3-months post-intervention	30	87.41 (18.45)	28	86.55 (18.13)	0.42 (− 12.64 to 13.47)	0.9488
PPedsQL communication mean	Baseline	28	83.06 (16.88)	29	85.63 (21.70)
PPedsQL communication mean	3-months post-intervention	30	88.79 (15.63)	28	85.92 (20.06)	4.21 (− 8.06 to 16.47)	0.4937
PPedsQL worry mean	Baseline	28	67.17 (21.40)	29	78.62 (20.31)
PPedsQL worry mean	3-months post-intervention	30	78.45 (21.01)	28	82.93 (15.21)	− 0.81 (− 18.78 to 17.15)	0.9280
PPedsQL daily activities mean	Baseline	28	78.33 (24.72)	29	83.62 (24.04)
PPedsQL daily activities mean	3-months post-intervention	30	92.82 (13.68)	28	88.79 (18.67)	4.75 (− 5.50 to 15.00)	0.3565
PPedsQL family relations mean	Baseline	28	87.83 (13.43)	29	86.03 (22.93)
PPedsQL family relations mean	3-months post-intervention	30	94.14 (10.61)	28	89.83 (13.19)	3.73 (− 2.69 to 10.14)	0.2488
Ch PedsQL averaged out score	Baseline	28	60.98 (17.74)	29	65.78 (12.20)
Ch PedsQL averaged out score	3-months post-intervention	30	80.78 (15.92)	28	85.33 (13.79)	− 2.33 (− 10.44 to 5.79)	0.5666
Ch PedsQL physical funtioning mean	Baseline	28	65.63 (20.10)	29	67.35 (15.30)
Ch PedsQL physical funtioning mean	3-months post-intervention		85.27 (16.79)	28	87.72 (14.28)	− 2.12 (− 11.15 to 6.92)	0.6398
Ch PedsQL averaged out score emotional functioning	Baseline	30	54.00 (22.26)	29	60.34 (17.32)
Ch PedsQL averaged out score emotional functioning	3-months post-intervention	28	75.71 (22.14)	28	81.79 (16.62)	− 3.65 (− 13.12 to 5.82)	0.4420
Ch PedsQL averaged out score social functioning	Baseline	30	63.50 (23.86)	29	68.62 (17.72)
Ch PedsQL averaged out score social functioning	3-months post-intervention	28	85.00 (15.99)	28	86.43 (19.04)	0.78 (− 11.47 to 13.03)	0.8987
Ch PedsQL averaged out score school functioning	Baseline	30	58.00 (20.20)	29	65.86 (13.76)
Ch PedsQL averaged out score school functioning	3-months post-intervention	28	74.46 (19.31)	28	83.93 (16.85)	− 4.85 (− 14.02 to 4.32)	0.2928

PSC Paediatric Symptoms Checklist; PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire; PEPSQ Perceived Emotional Personal Support; APQ Alabama Parenting Questionnaire; PPedsQL Paediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire-Family version; Ch PedsQL Paediatric Quality of Life Questionnaire-child reported

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