Table 3 Results of AN(C)OVA group comparisons
|  | Reference group (N = 500) (Class 1) | High CU group (N = 98) (Class 2) | Intermediate CU- High anxiety group (N = 81) (Class 3) | Test statistics AN(C)OVA/logistic regression | p | Effecta |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antisocial behavior | ||||||
 Aggressive Behavior mean (SD)b | 0.19 (0.16) | 0.25 (0.15) | 0.33 (0.21) | F = 22.39 |  < 0.001 | AN > CU > Ref |
 Rule-Breaking Behavior mean (SD)b | 0.14 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.11) | 0.20 (0.14) | F = 14.38 | 0.000 | CU, AN > Ref |
 Violent Offending mean (SD)b | 0.60 (0.07) | 1.37 (0.17) | 1.07 (0.19) | χ2 = 51.18 | 0.001 | AN, CU > Ref |
 Property Offenses mean (SD)b | 1.14 (2.03) | 2.28 (3.00) | 1.48 (2.61) | χ2 = 37.66 | 0.02 γ | CU > AN, Ref |
Determinants | ||||||
 Sex, % female | 54.6 | 21.4 | 72.8 | χ2 = 52.14 | 0.000 |  |
 Non-verbal IQ-score mean (SD)b | 99.7 (13.8) | 97.5 (12.5) | 99.4 (13.8) | F = 0.97 | 0.38 | - |
 Bullying victimization mean (SD)b | 0.71 (1.67) | 0.64 (2.00) | 2.85 (3.76) | χ2 = 70.15 | 0.000 | AN > CU, Ref |
 Bullying perpetration mean (SD)b | 0.28 (1.02) | 0.60 (1.07) | 0.99 (2.30) | χ2 = 34.32 | 0.06 | - |
 Adverse childhood experiences (% any) | 20.7 | 31.3 | 33.3 | χ2 = 9.41 |  < 0.01 | AN,CU > Ref |
Clinical correlates | ||||||
 Psychotic Experiences score: mean (SD)b | 2.65 (2.45) | 3.26 (2.68) | 6.61 (3.39) | χ2 = 83.83 | 0.000 | AN > CU > Ref |
 ADHD symptoms mean (SD)b | 3.98 (3.13) | 4.38 (3.58) | 4.86 (3.32) | F = 3.26 | 0.03* | AN > Ref |
 Internet gaming addiction mean (SD)b | 4.28 (5.15) | 7.53 (5.62) | 5.21 (6.21) | F = 14.39 | 0.000 | CU > AN, Ref |
 Alcohol use % yes | 43.6 | 50.0 | 51.8 | χ2 = 3.23 | 0.19 | - |
 Drugs Use % yes | 7.0 | 11.2 | 12.3 | χ2 = 3.83 | 0.14 | - |