Table 2 Analysis of the studies included in the review
From: A systematic review of telehealth screening, assessment, and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder
| Â | Device | Author (year) | Sample | Age | Gender | Psychometric properties | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sensitivity | Specificity | PPV | NPV | ||||||
1 | Cognoa | Kanne et al. [20] | 164 ASD + 66 non-ASD | 18–72 months | 81% ASD male + 75.7% ASD male | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.83 | 0.5 |
Abbas et al. [1] | 162 | 18–72 months | NA | 0.982 | 0.624 | NA | NA | ||
Abbas et al. [2] | 375 | 18–72 months | NA | 0.9 | 0.69 | NA | NA | ||
425 | 18–72 months | 64% male | 0.98 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.98 | |||
2 | Autism & Beyond | Egger et al. [15] | 1756 | Mean age at 40.4Â month | 23.2% male | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Campbell et al. [6] | 22 ASD + 82 TD | 16–31 months | NA | 0.96 | 0.38 | NA | NA | ||
Carpenter et al. [8] | 22 ASD + 74 TD + 8 non-ASD | 16–31 months | 62.5% male | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Perochon et al. [33] | 856TD + 37ASD + 17LD-DD | 17–37 months | 49.34% male | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
3 | ASDTests | Thabtah et al. [45] | 20 | NA | 70% male | 0.922–0.98 | 0.85–0.997 | NA | NA |
4 | ASDetect | Barbaro and Dissanayake [5] | 39 AD + 50 ASD + 20 DD | 12, 18, 24 months | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
5 | AutismAI | Shahamiri and Thabtah [40] | 6075 | NA | 58% male | 0.955 | 0.986 | NA | NA |
6 | NA | Wingfield et al. [48] | 86 control + 195 ASD | 2–4 months | 82.56% male | 0.88 | 0.96 | NA | NA |
7 | TEDI | Talbott et al. [44] | 11 | 3–11 months | 45.45% male | NA | NA | NA | NA |
8 | CHICA | Downs et al. [14] | 274 | 23–30 months | 59.12% male | NA | NA | NA | NA |
9 | The Video-referenced Infant Rating System for Autism (VIRSA) | Young et al. [49] | 73 ASD history + 37 non-ASD history | 6, 9, 12, 18 months | Around 61.91% male | 1 | 0.53 | 1 | 0.19 |
10 | Lena | Oller et al. [32] | 106 TD + 49 LD + 77 ASD | 10–48 months | Around 74% male | 0.75 | 0.98 | NA | NA |
11 | SORF | Dow et al. [12] | 84 ASD + 144 TD/DD | 18–22 month | 72.8% male | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.79 |
12 | NODA | Smith et al. [41] | 11 TD + 40 ASD | 18 month-6 years 11 months | 70.59% male | 0.85 | 0.94 | NA | NA |
13 | NA | Reese et al. [37] | 17 | 2.5–6 years | 29.4% male | 0.84 | 0.88 | NA | NA |
14 | NA | Juárez et al. [19] | study 1 = 20, study 2 = 45 | 20–34 months | 80% male, 77.78% male | 0.79 | NA | NA | NA |
15 | BOSA | [13] | 307 | 15 months–42 years | 74% male | 0.86–0.96 | 0.70–1 | NA | NA |
16 | TeleNP | Ransom et al. [36] | 129 | 1–21 years | 48.84% male | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Salinas et al. [39] | 67 | 2–18 years | 55.22% male | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
17 | The TELE-ASD-PEDS | 23 | 81.7Â month | 78.3% male | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Corona et al. [10] | 35 ASD + 10 DD + 6 TD | 2.51 month | 70.59% male | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
Wagner et al. [47] | 204 | 27.54Â month | 77% male | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||