The importance of familial risk factors in children with ADHD: direct and indirect effects of family adversity, parental psychopathology and parenting practices on externalizing symptoms

Jendreizik, Lea Teresa; Hautmann, Christopher; von Wirth, Elena; Dose, Christina; Thöne, Ann-Kathrin; Treier, Anne-Katrin; Banaschewski, Tobias; Becker, Katja; Brandeis, Daniel; Geissler, Julia; Hebebrand, Johannes; Hohmann, Sarah; Holtmann, Martin; Huss, Michael; Jans, Thomas; Kaiser, Anna; Millenet, Sabina; Poustka, Luise; Schneider, Priska; Döpfner, Manfred

doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00529-z

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

Table 3 Direct, Indirect and Total Effects of Familial Variables on Child Symptoms (SEM 2)

From: The importance of familial risk factors in children with ADHD: direct and indirect effects of family adversity, parental psychopathology and parenting practices on externalizing symptoms

Effect	Path	b [95% CI]	SE	β	p
Total	Family adversity (FAI) → child ADHD (cADHD)	0.07 [− 0.01, 0.16]	0.04	0.09	0.08
Direct	FAI → cADHD ^b	0.01 [− 0.08, 0.10]	0.04	0.01	0.85
Indirect	FAI → parental psychopathology (pPSYC) → cADHD	0.05 [0.01, 0.10]	0.02	0.07	0.01
Serial indirect	FAI → pPSYC → positive parenting (pPAR) → cADHD	− 0.00 [− 0.01, 0.00]	0.00	− 0.00	0.49
Serial indirect	FAI → pPSYC → negative parenting (nPAR) → cADHD	0.01 [− 0.00, 0.03]	0.01	0.02	0.09
Total	Parental psychopathology (pPSYC) → child ADHD (cADHD)	0.31 [0.15, 0.46]	0.08	0.25	< 0.001
Direct	pPSYC → cADHD	0.25 [0.07, 0.42]	0.09	0.21	0.005
Indirect	pPSYC → positive parenting (pPAR) → cADHD	− 0.01 [− 0.04, 0.02]	0.01	− 0.01	0.51
Indirect	pPSYC → negative parenting (nPAR) → cADHD	0.06 [− 0.01, 0.14]	0.04	0.05	0.09
Direct	Positive parenting (pPAR) → child ADHD (cADHD) ^a	0.04 [− 0.06, 0.11]	0.04	0.04	0.44
Direct	Negative parenting (nPAR) → child ADHD (cADHD)	0.09 [− 0.01, 0.18]	0.05	0.11	0.07
Total	Family adversity (FAI) → child ODD (cODD)	0.14 [0.06, 0.22]	0.04	0.19	0.001
Direct	FAI → cODD ^b	0.08 [0.00, 0.17]	0.04	0.10	0.07
Indirect	FAI → parental psychopathology (pPSYC) → cODD	0.04 [0.01, 0.08]	0.02	0.06	0.04
Serial indirect	FAI → pPSYC → positive parenting (pPAR) → cODD	0.00 [0.00, 0.01]	0.00	0.01	0.18
Serial indirect	FAI → pPSYC → negative parenting (nPAR) → cODD	0.02 [0.01, 0.03]	0.01	0.02	0.005
Total	Parental psychopathology (pPSYC) → child ODD (cODD)	0.29 [0.15, 0.44]	0.07	0.26	< 0.001
Direct	pPSYC → cODD	0.20 [0.04, 0.35]	0.08	0.17	0.02
Indirect	pPSYC → positive parenting (pPAR) → cODD	0.02 [0.00, 0.05]	0.01	0.02	0.19
Indirect	pPSYC → negative parenting (nPAR) → cODD	0.08 [0.02, 0.15]	0.03	0.07	0.02
Direct	Positive parenting (pPAR) → child ODD (cODD) ^a	− 0.07 [− 0.16, 0.00]	0.04	− 0.09	0.09
Direct	Negative parenting (nPAR) → child ODD (cODD)	0.11 [0.03, 0.20]	0.04	0.15	0.008

Total and direct effects (bold text) of familial factors on child ADHD and child ODD symptoms were compared using χ² difference test
^aCorresponding effects differed significantly for child ADHD and child ODD based on χ2 difference test (χ²_diff(1) = 7.23, p = 0.007)

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ISSN: 1753-2000

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