Table 1 Results of ANOVAs and Chi-square tests examining group differences with regards to background variable, EF deficits, and effects of distance learning
|  | Comparison Group (A) n = 1010 | ADHD Group(B) n = 605 | ASD group (C) n = 207 | ADHD + ASD group (D) n = 198 | F1/χ2 | Post hoc1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Background variables | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Child age, M (SD) | 13.44 (3.62) | 13.04 (3.62) | 13.33 (3.55) | 15.11 (3.12) | 20.92*** | A, B, C < D |
 Child sex, % boys | 63.6 | 63.3 | 61.4 | 67.7 | 5.65, ns |  |
 Ethnicity, (%) foreign background | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.0 | 1.6 | 2.08, ns |  |
 Parent age, M (SD) | 45.25 (5.90) | 44.77 (6.42) | 45.23 (5.85) | 45.71 (5.57) | 1.45, ns |  |
 Parent sex, n (%) mothers | 86.2 | 90.6 | 90.2 | 93.9 | 18.72* | A < B, C, D |
 Parent education (%) |  |  |  |  | 33.71*** | A, C > B |
  Mandatory schooling only | 2.2 | 4.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 |  |  |
  Completed secondary school | 11.9 | 18.1 | 13.7 | 19.3 |  |  |
  University education | 85.9 | 77.1 | 85.4 | 80.2 |  |  |
 Distance learning (weeks) | 7.98 (4.07) | 8.36 (3.67) | 8.37 (2.90) | 8.04 (2.48) | 1.58, ns |  |
Executive function deficits, M (SD) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Children’s EF deficits | 2.18 (0.89) | 3.71 (0.80) | 3.31 (0.91) | 3.80 (0.78) | 512.49*** | A < C < B, D |
 Parents’ EF deficits | 1.78 (0.56) | 2.01 (0.67) | 1.99 (0.62) | 2.11 (0.70) | 27.41*** | A < B, C, D |
Effects of homeschooling, M (SD) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Negative effects on the child | 2.22 (0.90) | 2.96 (1.07) | 2.76 (1.16) | 2.98 (1.18) | 82.58*** | A < B, C, D |
 Negative effects on the parent | 2.27 (1.18) | 3.62 (1.11) | 3.29 (1.24) | 3.47 (1.20) | 85.88*** | A < B, C, D; B > C |
 Lack of support from the school | 2.43 (1.01) | 3.00 (1.05) | 2.82 (1.10) | 2.90 (1.10) | 39.85*** | A < B, C, D |
 Positive effects on the family | 2.80 (1.02) | 2.78 (1.14) | 3.10 (1.18) | 2.94 (1.20) | 4.78** | A, B < C |