Predictors of chronic loneliness during adolescence: a population-based cohort study

Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the observed sample (N = 3165)

	n	%
Gender
Boy	1680	53.1
Girl	1485	46.9
Parental origin
Japanese	3093	97.7
Non-Japanese	72	2.3
Low parental education^a
No	2633	83.3
Yes	529	16.7
Low household income^b
No	2717	89.4
Yes	324	10.7
Single-parent household
No	3007	95.0
Yes	158	5.0
Child chronic health condition
No	2829	89.6
Yes	329	10.4
Child cognitive delay^c
No	3013	95.3
Yes	150	4.7
Bullying victimization
No	2313	73.4
Yes	840	26.6
Parental psychological distress^d
No	2990	95.0
Yes	157	5.0

N varies owing to missing values. All variables were measured at age 10 (baseline)
^aDefined as the respondent parent having completed a higher or lower qualification than high school
^bDefined as a household income below 4,000,000 yen (approximately $30,000)
^cDefined as intelligence quotient below 85
^dDefined as scoring above 10 on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale

ISSN: 1753-2000