Parental stress and physical violence against children during the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic: results of a population-based survey in Germany

Table 3 Associations of sociodemographic characteristics, use of physical violence, own maltreatment experiences in childhood, depression, and anxiety with change in parental stress during pandemic

Predictor	B	SE	Standardized Beta	P
Intercept	2.25	1.86		0.23
Female sex	0.97*	0.45	0.13*	0.03
Employment	− 1.94	1.35	− 0.08	0.15
Income under poverty level	− 1.44	0.79	− 0.10	0.07
Living in relationship with father/mother of youngest child	− 0.18	1.08	− 0.01	0.87
„System-relevant “ job	0.51	0.56	0.06	0.36
Working from home	0.13	0.54	0.02	0.81
„System-relevant “ job partner	0.42	0.57	0.04	0.47
Partner working from home	0.27	0.53	0.03	0.62
Age of first child	0.06	0.03	0.10	0.09
Pre-existing somatic disorder	0.32	0.61	0.03	0.61
Pre-existing psychiatric disorder	− 0.64	0.77	− 0.05	0.41
Use of physical violence against children	− 2.01***	0.53	− 0.23***	<0 .001
Parental experience of child maltreatment	− 0.69**	0.24	− 0.20**	0.004
Depressive symptoms	0.15	0.33	0.03	0.65
Anxiety symptoms	− 0.26	0.34	− 0.06	0.44

Presented as Beta coefficients (B) and standard error (SE) and standardized Beta coefficients. (R² = .17; F(15,292) = 3.98, p < .001). (n = 293). *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05

ISSN: 1753-2000