Table 1 General characteristics of the PREOBE mother–child pairs who participated in the children behavioral follow up at 3.5 years of age
Normal weight (n = 71) | Overweight (n = 45) | Obese (n = 40) | P1 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age (y)2 | 31.93 ± 3.90 | 32.69 ± 4.56 | 31.55 ± 5.43 | 0.489 | |
Pre-conceptional BMI (kg/m2)2 | 22.09 ± 1.72a | 27.31 ± 1.32b | 34.47 ± 4.19c | < 0.001 | |
GWG (kg)2 | 11.32 ± 6.50a | 9.95 ± 6.07a,b | 6.64 ± 7.58b | 0.008 | |
GDM3 | Yes | 28.17% | 31.11% | 35.00% | 0.754 |
Parity3 | 0 | 55.71% | 52.27% | 40.00% | 0.275 |
> 1 | 44.29% | 47.73% | 60.00% | ||
Family situation3 | Single/Separate | 1.41% | 2.27% | 5.00% | 0.290 |
Lives in partnership/ Married | 98.59% | 97.73% | 92.50% | ||
Others | 0.00% | 0.00% | 2.50% | ||
Maternal Educational level3 | Primary/Secondary | 39.44%a | 61.36%a,b | 75.00%b | 0.001 |
University | 60.56%a | 38.64%a,b | 25.00%b | ||
Maternal IQ (points)2 | 108.87 ± 12.16a | 102.16 ± 13.73b | 106.11 ± 12.51a,b | 0.025 | |
Paternal IQ (points)2 | 106.08 ± 12.80 | 101.71 ± 12.61 | 106.53 ± 12.31 | 0.286 | |
Smoking during pregnancy3 | No | 85.71% | 90.00% | 91.43% | 0.746 |
Yes | 14.29% | 10.00% | 8.57% | ||
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy3 | No | 95.24% | 100% | 94.29% | 0.384 |
Yes | 4.76% | 0.00% | 5.71% | ||
Type of delivery3 | Eutocia | 67.92% | 54.17% | 73.08% | 0.156 |
Dystocia | 15.09% | 12.50% | 0.00% | ||
Cesarean | 16.99% | 33.33% | 26.92% | ||
Neonate | |||||
Gestational age (wks)2 | 39.58 ± 1.16 | 39.37 ± 1.43 | 39.87 ± 1.38 | 0.218 | |
Birth weight (g)2 | 3329 ± 385 | 3269 ± 516 | 3492 ± 481 | 0.065 | |
Birth length (cm)2 | 50.53 ± 1.48 | 50.00 ± 1.98 | 51.01 ± 2.41 | 0.119 | |
Apgar 1′4 | 9(0) | 9(0) | 9(0) | 0.262 | |
Apgar 5′4 | 10(0) | 10(0) | 10(0) | 0.978 | |
Sex3 | Boy | 49.30% | 48.89% | 60.00% | 0.495 |
Girl | 50.70% | 51.11% | 40.00% | ||
Type of feeding at 3 months3 | Breast-feeding | 61.19% | 58.97% | 37.50% | 0.060 |
Mixed | 16.42% | 17.95% | 15.00% | ||
Infant formula | 22.39% | 23.08% | 47.50% |