Table 1 Network Nodes of PIU Symptoms
From: Gender differences in symptom structure of adolescent problematic internet use: A network analysis
Symptom cluster | PIU symptom | Abbreviation | |
|---|---|---|---|
PIU11 | Compulsive | Hard to control my behavior to use Internet | hard to control |
PIU14 | Compulsive | The first thought is Internet when I wake up | Internet first |
PIU19 | Compulsive | Uncontrollable to check online | uncontrollable checking |
PIU20 | Compulsive | Life is boring and empty without Internet | empty life |
PIU22 | Compulsive | Failure to cut back Internet use | failure to stop |
PIU2 | Withdrawal | Feel uncomfortable when not online for a while | feeling uncomfortable |
PIU4 | Withdrawal | Feel restless for network outages | feeling restless |
PIU5 | Withdrawal | Feel excited when online however tired | feeling excited |
PIU10 | Withdrawal | Feel depressed once not online for a while | feeling depressed |
PIU16 | Withdrawal | Feel like missing something once not online | feeling of missing |
PIU3 | Tolerance | Stay online longer than originally intended | longer than intended |
PIU6 | Tolerance | Reluctant to turn off Internet | reluctant to stop |
PIU9 | Tolerance | Spend longer time online than before | longer than before |
PIU24 | Tolerance | Increase time online to achieve satisfaction | increasing time for satisfaction |
PIU7 | Interpersonal and health | Impaired relationships with family members and peers due to Internet use | impaired relationship |
PIU12 | Interpersonal and health | Reduce involvement with friends in real life due to engagement in Internet | reduced involvement with friends |
PIU13 | Interpersonal and health | Aches in waist and back due to long-time Internet use | backache |
PIU15 | Interpersonal and health | Decline in academic performance due to Internet use | decline in academia |
PIU17 | Interpersonal and health | Fewer interactions with family members due to Internet use | fewer interactions with families |
PIU18 | Interpersonal and health | Fewer leisure activities in real life due to Internet use | fewer leisure activities |
PIU21 | Interpersonal and health | Physical deterioration due to Internet use | physical deterioration |
PIU1 | Time management | Complaints by other people about the large amount of time online | too much time |
PIU8 | Time management | Sleep less than four hours due to Internet use | less than four-hour sleep |
PIU23 | Time management | Less sleep for more time online | less sleep |
PIU25 | Time management | Eat erratically due to Internet use | erratic eating |
PIU26 | Time management | Sit up online and feel fatigued | sitting up online |