Table 7 Differences between profiles in terms of socio-demographic, psychosocial, and other health-related factors in Sample 2 (2022)
From: Mental health profiles of Finnish adolescents before and after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic
All | Profile 1 | Profile 2 | Profile 3 | Profile 4 | Profile comparison | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 738–2981 | “Good mental health” (n = 232–1103) | “Mixed psychosomatic health” (n = 124–499) | “Poor mental health and low loneliness” (n = 254–1011) | “Poor mental health and high loneliness” (n = 128–368) | Overall | p-value | Pairwise comparison | |
%/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | %/M (SD) | χ2/F | |||
Sample 2 (2022) | ||||||||
Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||
Gender, female (vs. male) | 54.7 | 39.6 | 51.6 | 65.3 | 75.3 | 209.56 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ |
Grade | 85.70 | < 0.001 | ||||||
5th | 36.7 | 44.3 | 40.5 | 32.0 | 21.2 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3d, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ | ||
7th | 36.2 | 33.2 | 32.5 | 39.7 | 40.5 | 1 and 3e, 2 and 3e differ | ||
9th | 27.2 | 22.5 | 27.1 | 28.3 | 38.3 | 1 and 3e, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4d, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Language of instruction, Swedish (vs. Finnish) | 35.3 | 30.3 | 39.7 | 40.4 | 30.2 | 31.94 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2d, 1 and 3c, 2 and 4e, 3 and 4d differ |
Relative family affluence | 22.76 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Low | 16.8 | 17.8 | 14.0 | 14.8 | 23.4 | 2 and 4d, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Medium | 56.4 | 57.4 | 59.1 | 55.4 | 52.2 | No differences | ||
High | 26.8 | 24.8 | 26.9 | 29.8 | 24.5 | No differences | ||
Family structure | 40.23 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Nuclear family | 69.6 | 73.9 | 72.8 | 67.4 | 58.2 | 1 and 3d, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4e differ | ||
Single-parent family | 20.4 | 18.8 | 15.8 | 21.8 | 27.7 | 1 and 4d, 2 and 3e, 2 and 4c differ | ||
Step-family | 10.0 | 7.3 | 11.4 | 10.8 | 14.0 | 1 and 3e, 1 and 4d differ | ||
Urban residence (vs. rural) | 57.2 | 57.8 | 53.1 | 57.7 | 59.8 | 4.62 | 0.202 | No differences |
Immigrant background | 37.01 | < 0.001 | ||||||
First-generation immigrant | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 1 and 4e, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Second-generation immigrant | 6.3 | 6.0 | 3.9 | 6.1 | 11.6 | 1 and 4d, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Native (non-immigrant) | 90.3 | 91.1 | 92.4 | 91.5 | 81.9 | 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Psychosocial factors | ||||||||
Perceived home atmosphere | 4.28 (0.80) | 4.57 (0.59) | 4.45 (0.65) | 4.11 (0.80) | 3.69 (1.05) | 156.82 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2e, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4 c differ |
Parental monitoringa | ||||||||
Maternal monitoring | 2.49 (0.44) | 2.59 (0.39) | 2.56 (0.40) | 2.39 (0.44) | 2.31 (0.51) | 63.09 | < 0.001 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4e differ |
Paternal monitoring | 2.30 (0.55) | 2.45 (0.50) | 2.41 (0.49) | 2.18 (0.54) | 1.99 (0.62) | 86.44 | < 0.001 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Family support | 5.54 (1.64) | 6.07 (1.40) | 5.80 (1.50) | 5.31 (1.56) | 4.24 (1.83) | 144.41 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2d, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Peer support | 5.42 (1.63) | 5.70 (1.47) | 5.54 (1.56) | 5.43 (1.55) | 4.36 (1.95) | 68.01 | < 0.001 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Teacher support | 3.93 (0.92) | 4.24 (0.75) | 3.96 (0.92) | 3.81 (0.86) | 3.26 (1.11) | 124.80 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3e, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Classmate support | 3.76 (0.84) | 4.02 (0.70) | 3.88 (0.74) | 3.64 (0.85) | 3.14 (0.97) | 121.72 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2d, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Perceived school climate | 3.92 (0.94) | 4.27 (0.74) | 4.05 (0.83) | 3.77 (0.91) | 3.10 (1.13) | 179.77 | < 0.001 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ |
Intensity of online communication | 3.03 (0.94) | 2.93 (0.94) | 3.04 (0.90) | 3.14 (0.93) | 2.98 (1.03) | 8.31 | < 0.001 | 1 and 3c differ |
Other health-related factors | ||||||||
Academic educational expectationsb (vs. vocational) | 62.9 | 69.0 | 62.9 | 61.0 | 55.5 | 7.07 | 0.070 | No differences |
Health literacya | 56.54 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Low | 8.0 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 17.3 | 1 and 3d, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3e, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Moderate | 62.2 | 63.4 | 62.0 | 63.0 | 58.1 | No differences | ||
High | 29.8 | 32.4 | 34.0 | 27.9 | 24.6 | No differences | ||
Self-rated health | 355.37 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Poor | 1.9 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 7.1 | 1 and 3d, 1 and 4c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Fair | 13.9 | 5.2 | 8.4 | 19.8 | 31.3 | 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3c, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4c differ | ||
Good | 59.7 | 59.1 | 65.7 | 60.7 | 50.8 | 1 and 4e, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4d differ | ||
Excellent | 24.5 | 35.4 | 25.1 | 17.2 | 10.9 | 1 and 2c, 1 and 3c, 1 and 4c, 2 and 3d, 2 and 4c, 3 and 4e differ | ||