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Table 8 Crude and adjusted OR between key variables and mental health profiles in Sample 1 (2018) and Sample 2 (2022)

From: Mental health profiles of Finnish adolescents before and after the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic

Variable

 

Sample 1 (2018) Profile (reference: profile 1—“Good mental health”)

Sample 2 (2022) Profile (reference: profile 1— “Good mental health”)

Profile 2—“Mixed psychosocial health”

Profile 3—“Somatically challenged”

Profile 4—“Poor mental health”

Profile 2—“Mixed psychosomatic health”

Profile 3—“Poor mental health and low loneliness”

Profile 4—“Poor mental health and high loneliness”

OR (CI 95%)

p-value

OR (CI 95%)

p-value

OR (CI 95%)

p-value

OR (CI 95%)

p-value

OR (CI 95%)

p-value

OR (CI 95%)

p-value

Socio-demographic characteristics

Gender, female (ref. male)

Crude

1.95 (1.61–2.36)

 < 0.001

2.16 (1.74–2.67)

 < 0.001

2.84 (2.34–3.45)

 < 0.001

1.64 (1.32–2.04)

 < 0.001

2.93 (2.44–3.51)

 < 0.001

4.49 (3.42–5.89)

 < 0.001

 

Adjusteda

1.94 (1.59–2.36)

 < 0.001

2.11 (1.69–2.63)

 < 0.001

2.94 (2.40–3.57)

 < 0.001

1.61 (1.28–2.02)

 < 0.001

3.11 (2.56–3.77)

 < 0.001

5.69 (4.18–7.76)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

1.81 (1.45–2.27)

 < 0.001

1.82 (1.42–2.33)

 < 0.001

2.53 (1.98–3.25)

 < 0.001

1.46 (1.13–1.90)

0.004

2.49 (1.98–3.14)

 < 0.001

4.87 (3.25–7.28)

 < 0.001

 Grade (ref. 5)

  7th

Crude

1.22 (0.96- 1.54)

0.108

1.71 (1.32–2.22)

 < 0.001

1.70 (1.33–2.16)

 < 0.001

1.08 (0.82–1.41)

0.600

1.56 (1.24–1.97)

 < 0.001

2.69 (1.91–3.79)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

1.21 (0.95–1.55)

0.127

1.67 (1.27–2.21)

 < 0.001

1.58 (1.22–2.04)

 < 0.001

1.20 (0.90–1.60)

0.206

1.55 (1.21–1.99)

 < 0.001

2.86 (1.97–4.13)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.89 (0.68–1.18)

0.428

1.39 (1.02–1.89)

0.036

0.84 (0.61–1.14)

0.254

1.06 (0.77–1.46)

0.730

1.18 (0.89–1.57)

0.246

1.79 (1.11–2.90)

0.017

  9th

Crude

1.28 (1.01–1.63)

0.044

1.64 (1.25–2.15)

 < 0.001

2.08 (1.63–2.64)

 < 0.001

1.32 (0.99–1.78)

0.062

1.62 (1.25–2.09)

 < 0.001

3.65 (2.55–5.21)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

1.30 (1.01–1.67)

0.040

1.63 (1.22–2.16)

 < 0.001

2.02 (1.56–2.60)

 < 0.001

1.35 (0.99–1.83)

0.056

1.58 (1.20–2.07)

 < 0.001

3.56 (2.42–5.23)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.90 (0.68–1.20)

0.470

1.28 (0.93–1.76)

0.130

0.91 (0.67–1.23)

0.530

0.99 (0.70–1.40)

0.968

0.99 (0.73–1.34)

0.944

1.81 (1.10–2.98)

0.020

 Language of instruction, Swedish (ref. Finnish)

Crude

1.30 (0.99–1.69)

0.056

1.57 (1.21–2.02)

 < 0.001

1.10 (0.84–1.43)

0.495

1.52 (1.17–1.95)

 < 0.001

1.40 (1.11–1.77)

0.005

1.02 (0.71–1.47)

0.914

 

Adjusteda

1.21 (0.90–1.63)

0.197

1.45 (1.09–1.93)

0.011

0.98 (0.73–1.32)

0.904

1.48 (1.11–1.96)

0.007

1.63 (1.27–2.11)

 < 0.001

1.12 (0.78–1.60)

0.540

Adjustedb

1.17 (0.84–1.61)

0.356

1.46 (1.06–2.01)

0.019

0.91 (0.65–1.29)

0.611

1.73 (1.27–2.35)

 < 0.001

1.83 (1.39–2.41)

 < 0.001

1.20 (0.75–1.94)

0.447

Relative family affluence (ref. low)

 Medium

Crude

0.74 (0.57–0.95)

0.020

0.71 (0.53–0.94)

0.019

0.79 (0.61–1.02)

0.067

1.26 (0.93–1.72)

0.142

1.11 (0.87–1.43)

0.390

0.67 (0.49–0.91)

0.011

 

Adjusteda

0.73 (0.55–0.96)

0.025

0.65 (0.48–0.89)

0.007

0.88 (0.66–1.17)

0.370

1.26 (0.90–1.77)

0.180

1.15 (0.87–1.52)

0.335

0.92 (0.63–1.34)

0.680

Adjustedb

0.84 (0.62–1.13)

0.249

0.69 (0.50–0.96)

0.027

0.93 (0.67–1.30)

0.672

1.41 (0.95–2.08)

0.088

1.19 (0.86–1.65)

0.297

1.57 (0.94–2.64)

0.085

 High

Crude

0.88 (0.65–1.18)

0.394

1.13 (0.82–1.55)

0.448

1.02 (0.76–1.36)

0.899

1.35 (0.95–1.91)

0.093

1.35 (1.02–1.78)

0.033

0.72 (0.50–1.03)

0.071

Adjusteda

0.84 (0.61–1.16)

0.285

0.99 (0.71–1.40)

0.971

1.13 (0.82–1.57)

0.457

1.22 (0.83–1.79)

0.306

1.33 (0.97–1.81)

0.075

0.91 (0.60–1.40)

0.683

Adjustedb

0.97 (0.69–1.37)

0.865

0.97 (0.67–1.41)

0.889

1.17 (0.80–1.71)

0.419

1.31 (0.85–2.03)

0.218

1.23 (0.85–1.77)

0.277

1.34 (0.75–2.39)

0.317

Family structure (ref. nuclear family)

 Single-parent family

Crude

1.44 (1.09–1.92)

0.011

1.30 (0.94–1.79)

0.113

1.82 (1.39–2.39)

 < 0.001

0.87 (0.64–1.18)

0.362

1.38 (1.09–1.75)

0.007

1.85 (1.35–2.53)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

1.35 (1.00–1.83)

0.050

1.23 (0.88–1.73)

0.224

1.78 (1.33–2.38)

 < 0.001

0.99 (0.72–1.37)

0.947

1.50 (1.16–1.93)

0.002

1.70 (1.21–2.40)

0.002

Adjustedb

1.20 (0.86–1.67)

0.286

1.10 (0.76–1.60)

0.609

1.34 (0.95–1.90)

0.097

0.91 (0.63–1.32)

0.623

1.40 (1.04–1.89)

0.028

1.46 (0.94–2.28)

0.096

 Step-family

Crude

1.30 (0.96–1.77)

0.096

1.50 (1.08–2.08)

0.015

1.90 (1.43–2.52)

 < 0.001

1.60 (1.09–2.34)

0.015

1.71 (1.23–2.37)

 < 0.001

2.54 (1.68–3.83)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

1.33 (0.97–1.82)

0.080

1.42 (1.01–1.99)

0.045

1.87 (1.39–2.51)

 < 0.001

1.71 (1.16–2.52)

0.007

1.79 (1.27–2.51)

 < 0.001

2.47 (1.59–3.83)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

1.19 (0.85–1.66)

0.323

1.40 (0.98–2.00)

0.066

1.40 (0.99–1.99)

0.056

1.39 (0.90–2.13)

0.136

1.27 (0.86–1.87)

0.238

1.50 (0.87–2.59)

0.149

Urban residence (ref. rural)

Crude

0.71 (0.58–0.87)

 < 0.001

0.73 (0.59–0.91)

0.004

0.75 (0.62–0.91)

0.004

0.81 (0.64–1.03)

0.085

0.99 (0.81–1.21)

0.923

1.14 (0.86–1.53)

0.361

Adjusteda

0.73 (0.59–0.91)

0.004

0.84 (0.67–1.06)

0.148

0.72 (0.58–0.89)

0.003

0.88 (0.68–1.13)

0.318

1.03 (0.83–1.29)

0.770

0.96 (0.71–1.30)

0.796

Adjustedb

0.74 (0.59–0.94)

0.012

0.86 (0.67–1-11)

0.253

0.74 (0.58–0.95)

0.019

0.94 (0.72–1.24)

0.678

1.15 (0.90–1.47)

0.270

1.03 (0.70–1.54)

0.868

Immigrant background (ref. native)

First-generation immigrant

Crude

0.91 (0.53–1.57)

0.730

1.45 (0.86–2.44)

0.167

2.19 (1.44–3.34)

 < 0.001

1.19 (0.66–2.15)

0.563

0.79 (0.46–1.35)

0.385

2.47 (1.40–4.35)

0.002

Adjusteda

0.92 (0.52–1.63)

0.782

1.26 (0.72–2.21)

0.423

1.56 (0.95–2.55)

0.079

1.21 (0.64–2.29)

0.550

0.80 (0.44–1.46)

0.475

1.89 (0.94–3.78)

0.072

Adjustedb

0.86 (0.46–1.59)

0.620

0.80 (0.40–1.58)

0.513

1.36 (0.75–2.45)

0.314

1.15 (0.57–2.32)

0.696

0.66 (0.33–1.32)

0.237

1.26 (0.51–3.14)

0.615

Second-generation immigrant

Crude

0.91 (0.62–1.33)

0.614

1.09 (0.73–1.63)

0.675

1.07 (0.74–1.53)

0.732

0.65 (0.38–1.11)

0.115

1.01 (0.69–1.46)

0.972

2.03 (1.32–3.12)

0.001

Adjusteda

0.87 (0.58–1.31)

0.510

1.14 (0.75–1.72)

0.545

1.03 (0.70–1.52)

0.883

0.68 (0.39–1.19)

0.175

1.00 (0.66–1.51)

0.993

1.88 (1.14–3.09)

0.013

Adjustedb

0.77 (0.50–1.19)

0.236

1.11 (0.71–1.74)

0.648

0.75 (0.47–1.20)

0.228

0.49 (0.26–0.94)

0.033

0.85 (0.53–1.36)

0.497

1.10 (0.57–2.09)

0.784

Psychosocial factors

Perceived home atmosphere

Crude

0.50 (0.44–0.58)

 < 0.001

0.69 (0.58–0.81)

 < 0.001

0.32 (0.28–0.37)

 < 0.001

0.74 (0.63–0.88)

 < 0.001

0.40 (0.35–0.46)

 < 0.001

0.24 (0.20–0.28)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

0.51 (0.44–0.59)

 < 0.001

0.76 (0.64–0.90)

0.002

0.36 (0.31–0.42)

 < 0.001

0.76 (0.64–0.92)

0.004

0.42 (0.36–0.49)

 < 0.001

0.26 (0.22–0.32)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.64 (0.54–0.77)

 < 0.001

0.98 (0.80–1.20)

0.833

0.56 (0.47–0.67)

 < 0.001

0.99 (0.79–1.25)

0.955

0.60 (0.49–0.72)

 <0.001

0.60 (0.46–0.77)

 < 0.001

Parental monitoring

 Maternal monitoring

Crude1

0.52 (0.39–0.68)

 < 0.001

0.76 (0.57–1.03)

0.078

0.29 (0.23–0.37)

 < 0.001

0.78 (0.56–1.10)

0.154

0.40 (0.30–0.52)

 < 0.001

0.27 (0.20–0.38)

 <0 .001

Adjusteda1

0.40 (0.30–0.54)

 < 0.001

0.60 (0.44–0.83)

0.002

0.21 (0.16–0.28)

 < 0.001

0.65 (0.45–0.94)

0.021

0.30 (0.22–0.40)

 < 0.001

0.17 (0.11–0.24)

 < 0.001

Adjustedc1

0.41 (0.26–0.64)

 < 0.001

0.87 (0.54–1.41)

0.580

0.44 (0.28–0.69)

 < 0.001

0.71 (0.42–1.20)

0.200

0.44 (0.28–0.69)

 <0.001

0.63 (0.34–1.17)

0.144

 Paternal monitoring

Crude1

0.60 (0.48–0.75)

 < 0.001

0.63 (0.49–0.81)

 < 0.001

0.33 (0.26–0.41)

 < 0.001

0.86 (0.65–1.14)

0.289

0.46 (0.37–0.57)

 < 0.001

0.24 (0.18–0.32)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda1

0.60 (0.46–0.76)

 < 0.001

0.65 (0.50–0.85)

0.001

0.34 (0.26–0.43)

 < 0.001

0.80 (0.59–1.09)

0.154

0.45 (0.35–0.58)

 < 0.001

0.24 (0.17–0.33)

 < 0.001

Adjustedc1

1.38 (0.94–2.04)

0.103

0.81 (0.55–1.19)

0.285

1.00 (0.67–1.48)

0.997

1.06 (0.68–1.65)

0.785

0.91 (0.63–1.33)

0.639

0.75 (0.45–1.23)

0.255

 Family support

Crude

0.81 (0.76–0.86)

 < 0.001

0.92 (0.86–0.99)

0.029

0.68 (0.64–0.72)

 < 0.001

0.85 (0.78–0.92)

 < 0.001

0.70 (0.66–0.75)

 < 0.001

0.52 (0.48–0.56)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

0.82 (0.77–0.88)

 < 0.001

0.95 (0.88–1.03)

0.240

0.71 (0.67–0.75)

 < 0.001

0.84 (0.77–0.91)

 < 0.001

0.72 (0.67–0.77)

 < 0.001

0.53 (0.49–0.58)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.97 (0.89–1.07)

0.549

0.94 (0.84–1.05)

0.250

0.89 (0.80–0.98)

0.013

0.92 (0.81–1.04)

0.183

0.85 (0.76–0.94)

0.003

0.76 (0.66–0.87)

 < 0.001

 Peer support

Crude

0.86 (0.81–0.91)

 < 0.001

1.07 (0.99–1.15)

0.070

0.84 (0.79–0.88)

 < 0.001

0.94 (0.87–1.01)

0.080

0.89 (0.84–0.95)

 < 0.001

0.64 (0.60–0.69)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

0.82 (0.77–0.87)

 < 0.001

1.02 (0.95–1.10)

0.587

0.78 (0.74–0.83)

 < 0.001

0.88 (0.82–0.96)

0.002

0.85 (0.80–0.91)

 < 0.001

0.61 (0.56–0.66)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.90 (0.82–0.98)

0.019

1.14 (1.02–1.27)

0.017

0.96 (0.87–1.05)

0.333

0.94 (0.84–1.06)

0.321

1.01 (0.92–1.12)

0.783

0.83 (0.73–0.94)

0.004

 Teacher support

Crude

0.66 (0.59–0.74)

 < 0.001

0.69 (0.61–0.78)

 < 0.001

0.41 (0.37–0.46)

 < 0.001

0.64 (0.56–0.74)

 < 0.001

0.54 (0.48–0.60)

 < 0.001

0.31 (0.27–0.36)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

0.68 (0.60–0.77)

 < 0.001

0.73 (0.64–0.83)

 < 0.001

0.45 (0.40–0.50)

 < 0.001

0.62 (0.54–0.71)

 < 0.001

0.56 (0.49–0.63)

 < 0.001

0.33 (0.28–0.39)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.94 (0.81–1.09)

0.420

0.89 (0.76–1.05)

0.169

0.73 (0.63–0.85)

 < 0.001

0.65 (0.53–0.79)

 < 0.001

0.80 (0.67–0.95)

0.011

0.65 (0.51–0.82)

 < 0.001

 Classmate support

Crude

0.56 (0.49–0.63)

 < 0.001

0.64 (0.55–0.74)

 < 0.001

0.43 (0.38–0.49)

 < 0.001

0.77 (0.67–0.90)

 < 0.001

0.52 (0.46–0.59)

 < 0.001

0.28 (0.24–0.33)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

0.59 (0.51–0.68)

 < 0.001

0.69 (0.59–0.80)

 < 0.001

0.50 (0.44–0.58)

 < 0.001

0.79 (0.68–0.93)

0.004

0.55 (0.49–0.63)

 < 0.001

0.33 (0.28–0.40)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.86 (0.71–1.03)

0.091

0.81 (0.66–0.99)

0.041

0.97 (0.80–1.18)

0.783

1.10 (0.88–1.38)

0.382

0.87 (0.72–1.05)

0.155

0.80 (0.62–1.04)

0.096

Perceived school climate

Crude

0.50 (0.44–0.57)

 < 0.001

0.62 (0.54–0.72)

 < 0.001

0.33 (0.29–0.37)

 < 0.001

0.70 (0.61–0.81)

 < 0.001

0.49 (0.43–0.54)

 < 0.001

0.26 (0.22–0.30)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

0.53 (0.46–0.61)

 <0 .001

0.67 (0.57–0.78)

 < 0.001

0.37 (0.32–0.42)

 < 0.001

0.72 (0.62–0.83)

 < 0.001

0.53 (0.47–0.60)

 < 0.001

0.29 (0.24–0.34)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.72 (0.60–0.85)

 < 0.001

0.82 (0.67–1.00)

0.052

0.57 (0.47–0.68)

 < 0.001

0.90 (0.72–1.12)

0.339

0.78 (0.65–0.95)

0.012

0.49 (0.38–0.63)

 < 0.001

Intensity of online communication

Crude

1.06 (0.95–1.20)

0.296

1.26 (1.10–1.43)

 < 0.001

1.52 (1.36–1.71)

 < 0.001

1.14 (1.01–1.29)

0.032

1.27 (1.15–1.40)

 < 0.001

1.06 (0.92–1.22)

0.449

Adjusteda

1.02 (0.90–1.16)

0.740

1.14 (0.99–1.31)

0.065

1.43 (1.26–1.62)

 < 0.001

1.09 (0.96–1.25)

0.193

1.21 (1.08–1.35)

 < 0.001

0.88 (0.74–1.04)

0.120

Adjustedb

1.21 (1.06–1.39)

0.006

1.22 (1.05–1.41)

0.010

1.85 (1.60–2.14)

 < 0.001

1.22 (1.06–1.41)

0.007

1.42 (1.24–1.61)

 < 0.001

1.21 (0.99–1.48)

0.057

Other health-related factors

Academic educational expectations (ref. vocational)

Crude2

1.60 (1.08–2.36)

0.018

1.33 (0.88–2.01)

0.182

0.81 (0.58–1.14)

0.229

0.78 (0.49–1.23)

0.282

0.70 (0.48–1.03)

0.070

0.59 (0.37–0.93)

0.024

Adjusteda2

1.46 (0.96–2.22)

0.077

0.97 (0.62–1.52)

0.886

0.61 (0.42–0.88)

0.009

0.78 (0.48–1.29)

0.341

0.63 (0.41–0.97)

0.037

0.57 (0.33–0.99)

0.047

Adjustedd2

1.67 (1.02–2.73)

0.041

1.24 (0.73–2.09)

0.425

1.05 (0.64–1.71)

0.854

1.09 (0.58–2.04)

0.793

0.72 (0.42–1.26)

0.250

0.63 (0.30–1.33)

0.222

Health literacy (ref. low)

 Moderate

Crude1

0.87 (0.55–1.38)

0.563

0.85 (0.51–1.41)

0.528

0.36 (0.24–0.52)

 < 0.001

1.06 (0.52–2.15)

0.874

0.46 (0.29–0.75)

0.002

0.23 (0.13–0.38)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda1

0.86 (0.53–1.38)

0.523

0.86 (0.50–1.47)

0.582

0.36 (0.23–0.54)

 < 0.001

0.97 (0.47–2.01)

0.931

0.47 (0.28–0.81)

0.006

0.20 (0.11–0.37)

 < 0.001

Adjustedc1

1.43 (0.81–2.50)

0.215

1.36 (0.71–2.60)

0.355

0.72 (0.43–1.22)

0.225

1.00 (0.37–2.66)

0.993

0.46 (0.22–0.98)

0.043

0.28 (0.12–0.70)

0.006

 High

Crude1

0.46 (0.29–0.75)

0.002

0.72 (0.43–1.20)

0.206

0.19 (0.13–0.29)

 < 0.001

1.15 (0.56–2.40)

0.700

0.42 (0.26–0.70)

 < 0.001

0.18 (0.10–0.32)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda1

0.46 (0.27–0.76)

0.002

0.69 (0.40–1.21)

0.193

0.18 (0.11–0.28)

 < 0.001

0.99 (0.47–2.11)

0.984

0.41 (0.23–0.72)

0.002

0.15 (0.08–0.29)

 < 0.001

Adjustedc1

1.10 (0.60–2.02)

0.759

1.34 (0.67–2.68)

0.400

0.59 (0.33–1.05)

0.071

1.00 (0.37–2.66)

0.489

0.65 (0.29–1.43)

0.282

0.46 (0.17–1.20)

0.113

Self-rated health (ref. poor)

 Fair

Crude

0.52 (0.13–2.05)

0.347

0.32 (0.08–1.35)

0.122

0.12 (0.04–0.40)

 < 0.001

0.73 (0.17–3.08)

0.663

0.65 (0.22–1.97)

0.450

0.32 (0.11–0.98)

0.046

Adjusteda

0.53 (0.13–2.14)

0.372

0.36 (0.09–1.52)

0.164

0.15 (0.04–0.50)

0.002

1.04 (0.22–4.99)

0.964

0.79 (0.25–2.52)

0.695

0.67 (0.20–2.30)

0.527

Adjustedb

0.68 (0.16–2.92)

0.602

0.29 (0.07–1.25)

0.097

0.22 (0.06–0.80)

0.022

0.97 (0.13–7.47)

0.975

0.65 (0.13–3.21)

0.597

0.81 (0.14–4.68)

0.816

 Good

Crude

0.22 (0.06–0.84)

0.027

0.19 (0.05–0.78)

0.021

0.02 (0.01–0.08)

 < 0.001

0.50 (0.12–2.03)

0.335

0.18 (0.06–0.53)

0.002

0.05 (0.02–0.14)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

0.22 (0.06–0.87)

0.030

0.21 (0.05–0.85)

0.028

0.03 (0.01–0.10)

 < 0.001

0.75 (0.16–3.44)

0.715

0.23 (0.07–0.69)

0.009

0.11 (0.03–0.36)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.36 (0.09–1.50)

0.158

0.20 (0.05–0.82)

0.026

0.06 (0.02–0.22)

 < 0.001

0.94 (0.13–6.90)

0.954

0.27 (0.06–1.27)

0.097

0.25 (0.05–1.40)

0.116

 Excellent

Crude

0.09 (0.02–0.37)

 < 0.001

0.09 (0.02–0.38)

 < 0.001

0.01 (0.00–0.04)

 < 0.001

0.32 (0.08–1.31)

0.114

0.09 (0.03–0.25)

 < 0.001

0.02 (0.01–0.05)

 < 0.001

Adjusteda

0.10 (0.03–0.42)

 < 0.001

0.11 (0.03–0.46)

0.002

0.02 (0.00–0.05)

 < 0.001

0.52 (0.11–2.39)

0.400

0.12 (0.04–0.38)

 < 0.001

0.04 (0.01–0.14)

 < 0.001

Adjustedb

0.23 (0.05–0.97)

0.046

0.12 (0.03–0.50)

0.004

0.04 (0.01–0.15)

 < 0.001

0.77 (0.10–5.70)

0.798

0.18 (0.04–0.89)

0.036

0.15 (0.02–0.86)

0.033

  1. Mixed-effect multinomial logistic regression models per profile: odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), ref. reference category. Bold values denote statistical significance
  2. 1Only 7th and 9th grade adolescents included
  3. 2Only 9th grade adolescents included
  4. aAdjusted for socio-demographic characteristics (gender, grade level, language of instruction, relative family affluence, family structure, urban/rural residence, immigrant background)
  5. bAdjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, psychosocial factors (perceived social support, perceived home atmosphere, intensity of online communication, perceptions of school cohesion), and self-rated health
  6. cAdjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, psychosocial factors (perceived social support, perceived home atmosphere, intensity of online communication, perceptions of school cohesion, parental monitoring), and other health-related factors (self-rated health and health literacy)
  7. dAdjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, psychosocial factors (perceived social support, perceived home atmosphere, intensity of online communication, perceptions of school cohesion, parental monitoring), and other health-related factors (self-rated health, health literacy, and educational expectations)
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000