Table 5 Factors associated with virological failure among HIV-infected children on ART in southwestern China
Variables | N | Viral load ≥ 50 copies/mL, N (%) | OR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 325 | 56 (17.2) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age at study survey (years) | ||||||
 11–13 | 142 | 14 (9.9) | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 14–17 | 183 | 42 (23.0) | 2.72 (1.42–5.22) | 0.003 | 2.66 (1.37–5.16) | 0.004 |
Sex | ||||||
 Male | 169 | 21 (12.4) | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 Female | 156 | 35 (22.4) | 2.04 (1.13–3.69) | 0.018 | 2.21 (1.20–4.08) | 0.012 |
Route of HIV infection | ||||||
 Mother-to-child transmission | 312 | 55 (17.6) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 Others | 13 | 1 (7.7) | 0.39 (0.05–3.06) | 0.370 |  |  |
WHO clinical stage before ART | ||||||
 I/II | 228 | 38 (16.7) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 III/IV | 97 | 18 (18.6) | 1.14 (0.61–2.12) | 0.680 |  |  |
CD4 cell count before ART (cells/mm3) | ||||||
 ≥ 200 | 224 | 40 (17.9) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 < 200 | 101 | 16 (15.8) | 0.87 (0.46–1.63) | 0.656 |  |  |
Age at ART initiation (years) | ||||||
 < 5 | 172 | 25 (14.5) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 ≥ 5 | 153 | 31 (20.3) | 1.49 (0.84–2.67) | 0.174 |  |  |
Year of ART initiation | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 < 2012 | 144 | 25 (17.4) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 ≥ 2012 | 181 | 31 (17.1) | 0.98 (0.55–1.76) | 0.956 |  |  |
Initial ART regimen | ||||||
 The first-line ART | 212 | 42 (19.8) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 The second-line ART | 113 | 14 (12.4) | 0.57 (0.30–1.10) | 0.094 |  |  |
Time on ART (years) | ||||||
 < 10 | 192 | 31 (16.1) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 ≥ 10 | 133 | 25 (18.8) | 1.20 (0.67–2.15) | 0.534 |  |  |
Total difficulties score | ||||||
 Normal | 225 | 35 (15.6) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 Borderline | 45 | 8 (17.8) | 1.17 (0.50–2.73) | 0.710 |  |  |
 Abnormal | 55 | 13 (23.6) | 1.68 (0.82–3.45) | 0.157 |  |  |
Physical functioning score | ||||||
 ≥ 80 | 229 | 40 (17.5) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 < 80 | 96 | 16 (16.7) | 0.95 (0.50–1.79) | 0.862 |  |  |
General health score | ||||||
 ≥ 80 | 166 | 27 (16.3) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 < 80 | 159 | 29 (18.2) | 1.15 (0.65–2.04) | 0.638 |  |  |
Frequency of having received assistance and support from parents over the past 3Â months | ||||||
 Often or always | 161 | 25 (15.5) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 Never, occasionally or sometimes | 164 | 31 (18.9) | 1.27 (0.71–2.26) | 0.421 |  |  |
Frequency of having received assistance and support from other sources over the past 3Â months | ||||||
 Often or always | 245 | 46 (18.8) | 1.00 |  |  |  |
 Never, occasionally or sometimes | 80 | 10 (12.7) | 0.62 (0.30–1.29) | 0.200 |  |  |
Missed doses in the past month | ||||||
 No | 235 | 32 (13.6) | 1.00 |  | 1.00 |  |
 Yes | 90 | 24 (26.7) | 2.31 (1.27–4.19) | 0.006 | 2.45 (1.32–4.57) | 0.005 |