Skip to main content

Table 4 Descriptive statistics of control variables used in the multivariate analysis

From: Peer effects of depression between left-behind and non-left-behind children: quasi-experimental evidence from rural China

Variables

Definition

Full sample

LB child

NLB child

H0: [3] = [5]

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Difference

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

Depression scores

CES-D scores

15.810

9.267

16.126

9.338

15.695

9.242

− 0.431

Gender

1 = male; 0 = female

0.495

0.500

0.555

0.497

0.474

0.499

− 0.081**

Age

Continuous variable (year)

11.331

1.496

11.317

1.580

11.337

1.465

0.020

Only child

1 = yes; 0 = no

0.048

0.214

0.064

0.245

0.042

0.201

− 0.022

Boarder

1 = yes; 0 = no

0.165

0.371

0.199

0.399

0.153

0.360

− 0.046*

Adjusted self-rated health

1 = very healthy/healthy; 0 = very unhealthy/unhealthy/neutral

0.649

0.477

0.665

0.473

0.644

0.479

− 0.021

Mental development degree 1

"When I have different views from my classmates, I can think of ways to prevent conflicts", where 1 = completely agree/mostly agree and 0 = completely disagree/mostly disagree/unsure

0.510

0.500

0.520

0.500

0.507

0.500

− 0.013

Mental development degree 2

"It is normal for different people to use different methods to do the same thing", where 1 = completely agree/mostly agree and 0 = completely disagree/mostly disagree/unsure

0.685

0.465

0.681

0.467

0.686

0.464

0.005

Parent’s education

1 = junior high school or above; 0 = others

0.125

0.331

0.143

0.350

0.119

0.324

− 0.024

Parent’s occupation

1 = farmer; 0 = others

0.613

0.487

0.466

0.499

0.666

0.472

0.200***

Family economic status

Family’s annual income (taking the logarithm)

10.764

0.535

10.920

0.501

10.707

0.536

− 0.213***

Teacher's career duration

Continuous variable (taking the logarithm)

2.103

1.115

2.009

1.145

2.137

1.103

0.128*

Teacher's gender

1 = male; 0 = female

0.200

0.400

0.199

0.399

0.201

0.401

0.002

Teacher's education

1 = Master degree and above; 0 = others

0.020

0.139

0.025

0.156

0.018

0.133

− 0.007

Teacher's professional title

1 = Senior professional title; 0 = others

0.082

0.274

0.079

0.270

0.083

0.276

0.005

Teacher's age

Continuous variable (year)

35.656

8.387

35.369

8.480

35.760

8.354

0.392

Class size

Number

38.008

12.972

35.930

11.585

38.761

13.364

2.831***

Online game intensity 1

Average daily time spent playing online games: do not play online games

0.155

0.362

0.108

0.310

0.172

0.377

0.064***

Online game intensity 2

Average daily time spent playing online games: less than 30 min

0.389

0.488

0.356

0.479

0.401

0.490

0.045

Online game intensity 3

Average daily time spent playing online games: 30 min-1 h

0.347

0.476

0.383

0.487

0.334

0.472

− 0.049

Online game intensity 4

Average daily time spent playing online games: more than 1 h

0.109

0.312

0.153

0.361

0.093

0.290

− 0.060***

Observations

Number

1817

483

1334

 
  1. Significance: *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05
Back to article page

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000