Table 3 Parenting stress (EBI parent domain), Parental and Child Mental Health Problems [STADI (parents), CSF (infants), SDQ (toddlers)]
|  | Wave I (Feb. 21–June 21) | Wave II (June 21–Oct. 21) | Wave III (Oct. 21–March 22) | Wave I versus Wave II | Wave II versus Wave III | Wave I versus Wave III |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n) | Statistical significancea (Effect size φ) | |||||
Parenting stress (EBI) | Comparison of dichotomized data: not stressed versus stressed/ strongly stressed | |||||
 Not stressed | 61.8 (609) | 53.9 (493) | 48.8 (474) | * (0.08) | n.s. (0.052) | * (0.131) |
 Stressed | 30.2 (297) | 33.4 (305) | 39.8 (387) | |||
 Strongly stressed | 8.0 (79) | 12.7 (116) | 11.4 (111) | |||
Parental mental health problems (STADI) | Comparison of dichotomized data: far below/ below average/ average versus above/ far above average | |||||
 Mothers | ||||||
  Far below average | 3.9 (36) | 3.6 (31) | 3.7 (33) | n.s. (0.02) | n.s. (0.025) | n.s. (0.045) |
  Below average | 11.4 (105) | 12.5 (107) | 11.4 (103) | |||
  Average | 60.4 (556) | 57.9 (497) | 56.7 (510) | |||
  Above average | 20.5 (189) | 22.8 (196) | 24.6 (221) | |||
  Far above average | 3.7 (34) | 3.1 (27) | 3.7 (33) | |||
 Fathers | ||||||
  Far below average | 8.5 (5) | 1.8 (1) | 1.4 (1) | n.s. (−0.139) | n.s. (0.168) | n.s. (0.033) |
  Below average | 8.5 (5) | 14.3 (8) | 10.8 (8) | |||
  Average | 57.6 (34) | 69.6 (39) | 59.5 (44) | |||
  Above average | 18.6 (11) | 8.9 (5) | 23.0 (17) | |||
  Far above average | 6.8 (4) | 5.4 (3) | 5.4 (4) | |||
Child mental health problems (CFS/ SDQ) | ||||||
 Infant crying, feeding and sleeping problems (CSF) |  |  |  | |||
  Excessive crying (rule of three) | 1.8 (18) | 2.5 (23) | 2.4 (24) | n.s. (0.023) | n.s. (−0.002) | n.s. (0.021) |
  Crying/ Whining/ Sleeping | 26.5 (148) | 31.5 (134) | 35.5 (149) | n.s. (055) | n.s. (0.042) | * (0.097) |
  Feeding | 35.1 (196) | 38.1 (162) | 36.9 (155) | n.s. (0.031) | n.s. (−0.013) | n.s. (0.019) |
 Toddlers’ emotional and behavioral problems (Categorial evaluation of SDQ total score) | Comparison of dichotomized data: no problems versus borderline/ noticeable problems | |||||
  No problems | 81.6 (363) | 77.6 (398) | 76.1 (440) |  |  |  |
  Borderline | 10.1 (45) | 11.5 (59) | 11.6 (67) | n.s. (0.049) | n.s. (0.017) | n.s. (0.066) |
  Noticeable problems | 8.3 (37) | 10.9 (56) | 12.3 (71) |  |  |  |