Table 1 Children self-reported differences in background, COVID-19-related worry and exposure, and CATS trauma among the two clusters
From: Differences in perceived threat and trauma in children during the COVID-19 pandemic
Variable | “No-risk” N = 505 | “High-risk” N = 247 | χ2 | F | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M N | SD % | M N | SD % | |||
Gender (girls) | 251 | 49.7 | 131 | 53.0 | 0.74 | |
Age | 9.81 | 1.65 | 10.07 | 1.75 | 4.18* | |
Nationality: Southern Tyrol | 227 | 45.0 | 81 | 32.8 | 10.14** | |
Time point of measurements (waves) with five different samples drawn | 26.0*** | |||||
March 2020 | 140 | 70.7 | 58 | 29.3 | ||
December 2020 | 133 | 58.8 | 93 | 41.2 | ||
June 2021 | 71 | 61.7 | 44 | 38.3 | ||
December 2021 | 51 | 63.0 | 30 | 37.0 | ||
June 2022 | 110 | 83.3 | 22 | 16.7 | ||
Psychological treatment before COVID-19 (yes) | 4 | 0.8 | 31 | 12.6 | 51.68*** | |
Chronic Illness before COVID-19 (yes) | 16 | 3.2 | 16 | 6.5 | 4.46* | |
Fear of getting COVID-19 (yes) | 87 | 17.2 | 172 | 69.6 | 201.77*** | |
Fear someone in family is getting COVID-19 (yes) | 224 | 44.4 | 220 | 89.1 | 137.13*** | |
Fear of dying of COVID-19 (yes) | 9 | 1.8 | 105 | 42.5 | 213.93*** | |
Fear someone in family is dying of COVID-19 (yes) | 135 | 26.7 | 211 | 85.4 | 230.02*** | |
Fear total score | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 572.33*** | |
Child ha COVID-19 (yes) | 106 | 21.0 | 57 | 23.1 | 0.43 | |
Someone in family had COVID-19 (yes) | 208 | 41.2 | 131 | 53.0 | 9.41** | |
Someone in family was in hospital due to COVID-19 (yes) | 17 | 3.4 | 31 | 12.6 | 23.41*** | |
Someone in family died due to COVID-19 (yes) | 4 | 0.8 | 11 | 4.5 | 11.38** | |
Exposure total score | 14.87 | 22.36 | 26.30 | 35.57 | 28.83⁎⁎⁎ | |
Financial problems in family due to COVID-19 (yes) | 52 | 10.3 | 66 | 26.7 | 33.82*** | |
Mom or dad have no work parents (yes) | 30 | 5.9 | 42 | 17.0 | 23.45*** | |
CATS trauma total score | 6.69 | 5.13 | 21.75 | 10.09 | 736.06*** | |
Normal (0–15) | 460 | 91.0 | 63 | 26.0 | 363.32*** | |
Moderate (15–20) | 36 | 7.0 | 56 | 23.0 | ||
Clinically relevant (≥ 21) | 9 | 2.0 | 128 | 52.0 | ||
CATS re-experiencing trauma | 1.44 | 1.50 | 5.56 | 3.36 | 539.26*** | |
CATS avoidance | 0.47 | 0.92 | 2.42 | 1.67 | 427.06*** | |
CATS negative emotions | 2.05 | 2.25 | 6.72 | 4.19 | 395.13*** | |
CATS arousal | 2.73 | 2.36 | 7.04 | 3.28 | 423.50*** | |