Physical discipline as a normative childhood experience in Singapore

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants included in analyses

Demographic Characteristics		Child Sex
Demographic Characteristics		Girls (n = 340)	Boys (n = 370)
Maternal Characteristics (701 Total Mothers)	Maternal Age^a
	At Child Age 4.5 Assessment, M (SD) (n = 399)	35.84 (5.09)	36.22 (5.10)
	At Child Age 6 Assessment, M (SD) (n = 538)	37.38 (5.33)	37.19 (4.82)
	At Child Age 9 Assessment, M (SD) (n = 414)	40.03 (5.29)	40.07 (4.88)
	At Child Age 11 Assessment, M (SD) (n = 393)	42.07 (5.41)	42.13 (4.96)
	Maternal Ethnicity
	Chinese %	58	55
	Malay %	26	29
	Indian %	16	15
	Other %	0	0.3
	Maternal Educational Attainment^b
	Primary %	5	4
	Secondary %	26	24
	ITE/NITEC %	11	11
	GCE A Levels/Polytechnic/Diploma %	25	24
	University (Bachelors, Masters, PhD) %	33	37
Paternal Characteristics (202 Total Fathers)	Paternal Age^c
	At Child Age 6 Assessment, M (SD) (n = 44)	40.44 (5.87)	43.95 (10.02)
	At Child Age 9 Assessment, M (SD) (n = 168)	43.12 (5.66)	44.03 (5.89)
	Paternal Ethnicity^d
	Chinese %	61	58
	Malay %	26	27
	Indian %	13	14
	Other %	0	1
	Paternal Educational Attainment^e
	Primary %	5	3
	Secondary %	23	19
	ITE/NITEC %	14	18
	GCE A Levels/Polytechnic/Diploma %	19	16
	University (Bachelors, Masters, PhD) %	39	44
Family Characteristics (710 Total Families)	Household Monthly Income (Singapore Dollar)^f
	$0-$999 %	3	2
	$1000-$1999 %	15	11
	$2000-$3999 %	29	31
	$4000-$5999 %	26	24
	More than $6000 %	27	33

Parental ethnicity, parental educational attainment, and household income were reported at recruitment. Parental age was calculated using birthdates reported at recruitment and assessment dates
^aMissing 6 data points at age 4.5 assessment and 2 data points at age 6 assessment. Maternal age at age 9 assessment calculated based on when mothers completed the PSDQ
^bMissing 8 data points
^cMissing 1 data point for age 6 assessment and 7 data points for age 9 assessment. Paternal age at age 9 assessment calculated based on when fathers completed the PSDQ
^dMissing 1 data point
^eMissing 25 data points
^fMissing 42 data points

ISSN: 1753-2000