From: Physical discipline as a normative childhood experience in Singapore
Age of Assessment (Questionnaire)a | Parent/Physical Discipline in Subscale | Frequency Reported by Parentsb | Â | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Never | 2. Once in a While/Almost Never | 3. About Half of the Time/Sometimes | 4. Very Often/Often | 5. Always | Prevalencec | ||
Age 4.5 (PSDQ) | Mother (n = 399) | ||||||
 Physical Punishment, General % | 16 | 56 | 16 | 10 | 3 | 84 | |
 Spank % | 19 | 44 | 21 | 11 | 5 | 81 | |
 Slap % | 57 | 33 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 43 | |
 Grab % | 42 | 35 | 12 | 9 | 2 | 58 | |
 Any Form of Physical Discipline %d | — | — | — | — | — | 94 | |
Age 6 (APQ) | Mother (n = 538) | ||||||
 Spank % | 10 | 17 | 60 | 10 | 3 | 90 | |
 Slap % | 45 | 29 | 25 | 1 | 0 | 55 | |
 Hit With Object % | 53 | 16 | 26 | 4 | 1 | 46 | |
 Any Form of Physical Discipline %d | — | — | — | — | — | 93 | |
Father (n = 44) | |||||||
 Spank % | 14 | 20 | 55 | 9 | 2 | 86 | |
 Slap % | 50 | 23 | 25 | 2 | 0 | 50 | |
 Hit With Object % | 64 | 7 | 25 | 5 | 0 | 36 | |
 Any Form of Physical Discipline %d | — | — | — | — | — | 86 | |
Age 9 (PSDQ) | Mother (n = 414) | ||||||
 Physical Punishment, General % | 23 | 53 | 14 | 7 | 4 | 77 | |
 Spank % | 27 | 47 | 13 | 8 | 5 | 73 | |
 Slap % | 61 | 31 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 39 | |
 Grab % | 50 | 32 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 50 | |
 Any Form of Physical Discipline %d | — | — | — | — | — | 88 | |
Father (n = 168) | |||||||
 Physical Punishment, General % | 24 | 48 | 15 | 8 | 5 | 76 | |
 Spank % | 27 | 41 | 18 | 11 | 2 | 73 | |
 Slap % | 68 | 22 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 32 | |
 Grab % | 47 | 32 | 15 | 5 | 1 | 53 | |
 Any Form of Physical Discipline %d | — | — | — | — | — | 87 | |
Age 11 (PSDQ) | Mother (n = 393) | ||||||
 Physical Punishment, General % | 32 | 53 | 9 | 5 | 1 | 68 | |
 Spank % | 33 | 50 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 67 | |
 Slap % | 70 | 26 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 30 | |
 Grab % | 58 | 32 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 42 | |
 Any Form of Physical Discipline %d | — | — | — | — | — | 81 |