Physical discipline as a normative childhood experience in Singapore

Table 4 Percentage of children physically disciplined at age 4.5 (n = 399), 9 (n = 414), and 11 (n = 393)

Physical Coercion Dimension Item	Mothers (Self-Report)			Fathers (As Reported by Mothers)
Physical Coercion Dimension Item	Age 4.5	Age 9	Age 11	Age 4.5	Age 9	Age 11
Physical Punishment, General %^a	84	77	68	71	64	54
Spank %^a	81	73	67	71	59	52
Slap %^a	43	39	30	28	22	18
Grab %^a	58	50	42	51	41	30
Any Form of Physical Discipline %^b	94	88	81	83	78	67

^aPercentage of children whose parents used the physical discipline, regardless of frequency of use, according to maternal reports
^bIn bold font are the percentages of children whose parents, regardless of frequency, used at least one physical discipline according to maternal reports

ISSN: 1753-2000