Prevalence of sleep disturbance among adolescents with substance use: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Demographics and characteristics of included studies

	Number of studies	Number of participants (%)	Mean	SD
Sample size	18	1,24,554
Age	18		15	3.32
Sex
Male	18	62,572 (50.2)
Female	18	61,982 (49.8)
Geographic location
America	6	39,057 (31.4)
Europe	6	37,665 (30.2)
Asia	5	47,236 (37.9)
Oceania	1	596 (0.5)
Study design
Cross-sectional	16	1,14,270 (91.7)
Prospective cohort	2	10,284 (8.3)
Study setting
School	13	92,145 (74.0)
Others ^a	5	32,409 (26.0)
Instrument
Self-designed	4	58,261 (46.8)
Others ^b (standardized)	14	66,293 (53.2)
Method of assessment
Self-report	15	1,00,539 (80.7)
Face-to-face interview	3	24,015 (19.3)
Substance use	18	55,936 (44.9)
Alcohol	15	20,953 (37.5)
Smoking	15	25,626 (45.8)
Coffee	3	64,66 (11.5)
Marijuana	3	2891 (5.2)
Sleep disturbance
Insomnia	12	9057 (16.2)
Hypersomnolence	4	1625 (2.9)
SRBD	3	5167 (9.2)

^a= Social media, community, and clinical setting, ^b= Adolescent Heath Questionnaire, Health Problems Checklist, Minimal Insomnia Symptom Scale, Youth Self-Report, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale, Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Short Screener, Athens Insomnia Scale, International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version 5, Global Sleep Assessment Questionnaire, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Stanford Sleep Questionnaire and Assessment of Wakefulness, ^c= Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

ISSN: 1753-2000