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Table 1 Study sample characteristics by presence of a mental health disorders/symptoms (dis/sx) with and without adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and absence of all mental health conditions

From: Electronic health records identify timely trends in childhood mental health conditions

 

Overall Study

>age 21

MH

dis/sx.

No ACE

No MH dis/sx.

No ACE

SMD

MH dis/sx.

+ ACE

No MH dis/sx.

+ACE

SMD

SMD

(average)

Sample Size (n)

7,852,081

(100%)

1,552,726

(19.8%)

6,219,285

(79.2%)

 

46,277

(0.59%)

33,793

(0.43%)

  

Age at first visit, y, mean/(SD)

6.4 (5.8)

6.5 (5.6)

6.4 (5.9)

0.006

6.3 (5.4)

4.3 (4.9)

0.388

0.213

Age at first MH visit, y, mean/(SD)

8.5(5.5)

8.6 (5.5)

NA

NA

8.5 (5.3)

NA

NA

NA

Follow-up duration, y, mean (SD)

3.0 (3.6)

5.1 (4.0)

2.4 (3.2)

0.731

7.0 (4.1)

4.1 (3.9)

0.725

0.645

Sex

   

1.07

  

0.067

0.264

Female

3,759,392

(47.9%)

674,607

(43.4%)

3,034,232

(48.8%)

 

28,632

(61.9%)

21,921

(64.9%)

  

Male

4,091,978

(52.1%)

878,010

(56.5%)

3,184,466

(51.2%)

 

17,643

(38.1%)

11,859

(35.1%)

  

Race and Ethnicity

   

0.155

  

0.118

0.297

Non-Hispanic White

4,020,014

(51.2%)

835,851

(53.8%)

3,146,217

(50.6%)

 

22,493

(48.6%)

15,453

(45.7%)

  

Non-Hispanic Black

1,074,630

(13.7%)

247,805

(16.0%)

804,519

(12.9%)

 

13,269

(28.7%)

9,037

(26.7%)

  

Hispanic

1,243,842

(15.8%)

231,991

(14.9%)

1,001,259

(16.1%)

 

5,428

(11.7%)

5,164

(15.3%)

  

Asian/Pacific

351,196

(4.5%)

55,262

(3.6%)

294,947

(4.7%)

 

552

(1.2%)

435

(1.3%)

  

Other/

Unknown

1,162,399

(14.8%)

181,817

(11.7%)

972,343

(15.6%)

 

4,535

(9.8%)

3,704

(11%)

  

Year of first visit

   

0.387

  

0.349

0.387

2010

1,369,494

(17.4%)

395,255

(25.5%)

951,877

(15.3%)

 

16,715

(36.1%)

5,647

(16.7%)

  

2011

638,125

(8.1%)

137,324

(8.8%)

492,450

(7.9%)

 

5,260

(11.4%)

3,091

(9.1%)

  

2012

534,633

(6.8%)

110,516

(7.1%)

417,775

(6.7%)

 

3,839

(8.3%)

2,503

(7.4%)

  

2013

509,932

(6.5%)

105,812

(6.8%)

398,509

(6.4%)

 

3,335

(7.2%)

2,276

(6.7%)

  

2014

617,351

(7.9%)

127,413

(8.2%)

484,523

(7.8%)

 

3,099

(6.7%)

2,316

(6.9%)

  

2015

584,292

(7.4%)

113,236

(7.3%)

465,769

(7.5%)

 

2,846

(6.1%)

2,441

(7.2%)

  

2016

575,099

(7.3%)

108,133

(7.0%)

461,876

(7.4%)

 

2,512

(5.4%)

2,578

(7.6%)

  

2017

557,137

(7.1%)

103,608

(6.7%)

448,866

(7.2%)

 

2,282

(4.9%)

2,581

(7.6%)

  

2018

547,859

(7.0%)

97,290

(6.3%)

446,173

(7.2%)

 

1,931

(4.2%)

2,465

(7.3%)

  

2019

501,325

(6.4%)

83,364

(5.4%)

414,133

(6.7%)

 

1,547

(3.3%)

2,281

(6.7%)

  

2020

389,391

(5.0%)

60,941

(3.9%)

325,308

(5.2%)

 

1,214

(2.6%)

1,928

(5.7%)

  

2021

475,557

(6.1%)

61,416

(4.0%)

411,161

(6.6%)

 

1,002

(2.2%)

1,978

(5.9%)

  

2022

469,455

(6.0%)

42,587

(2.7%)

424,746

(6.8%)

 

624

(1.3%)

1,498

(4.4%)

  

2023

82,431

(1.0%)

5,831

(0.4%)

76,319

(1.2%)

 

71

(0.2%)

210

(0.6%)

  

Insurance type at first visit

   

0.165

  

0.161

0.511

Private/

Commercial

3,548,463

(45.2%)

607,246

(39.1%)

2,930,195

(47.1%)

 

5,676

(12.3%)

5,346

(15.8%)

  

Public

2,879,351

(36.7%)

618,049

(39.8%)

2,215,948

(35.6%)

 

25,609

(55.3%)

19,745

(58.4%)

  

Other/

Unknown

1,424,267

(18.1%)

327,431

(21.1%)

1,073,142

(17.3%)

 

14,992

(32.4%)

8,702

(25.8%)

  

Number of body systems, (mean/SD)

0.6 (1.2)

1.4 (1.9)

0.4 (0.8)

0.638

1.5 (2.0)

0.4 (0.8)

0.072

0.463

Number of chronic physical health condition body systems1

   

0.727

  

0.813

0.542

0

64.5%

41.0%

70.6%

 

37.3%

71.2%

  

1

23.1%

28.3%

21.8%

 

27.4%

19.9%

  

2

7%

14.2%

5.2%

 

15.9%

6.0%

  

3+

5.3%

16.5%

2.4%

 

19.5%

3%

  

PEDSnet Health Sites, n/ (%)

   

0.282

  

0.358

0.625

A

1,409,799

(18%)

302,523

(19.5%)

1,098,750

(17.7%)

 

4,393

(9.5%)

4133

(12.2%)

  

B

534,446

6.8%

100,103

(6.4%)

430,555

(6.9%)

 

2,484

(5.4%)

1,304

(3.9%)

  

C

1,131,781

(14.4%)

209,940

(13.5%)

913,898

(14.7%)

 

4,282

(9.3%)

3,661

(10.8)

  

D

981,695

(12.5%)

214,429

(13.8%)

745,523

(12.0%)

 

12,086

(26.1%)

9,657

(28.6%)

  

E

906,216

(11.5%)

251,497

(16.2%)

632,325

(10.2%)

 

15,528

(33.6%)

6,866

(20.3%)

  

F

534,189

(6.8%)

94,104

(6.1%)

439,468

(7.1%)

 

351

(0.8%)

266

(0.8%)

  

G

739,150

(9.4%)

98,932

(6.4%)

635,029

(10.2%)

 

2,067

(4.5%)

3,122

(9.2%)

  

H

636,377

(8.1%)

147,263

(9.5%)

480,718

(7.7%)

 

4,241

(9.2%)

4,155

(12.3%)

  

I

978,428

(12.5%)

133,935

(8.6%)

843,019

(13.6%)

 

845

(1.8%)

629

(1.9%)

  
  1. Note: Standardized Difference(SMD) = the statistic used to identify meaningful differences in two distributions (e.g., patients with mental health disorders/symptoms and no ACEs versus patients with no MH disorders/symptoms and no ACEs; patients with ACEs alone versus patients with ACEs + MH disorders/symptoms). SMD average is an average of all possible pairwise SMD’s. A difference of > 0.20 is a meaningful effect size
  2. N = Sample size; y- Year; SD = Standard Deviation
  3. Race and Ethnicity = self-identified
  4. 1Using the Pediatric Medical Complexity Algorithm(39), diagnosis terms were assigned to body systems (e.g., cardiac, endocrine, etc.), excluding the mental health condition category
  5. PEDSnet Health Sites = anonymized A through I
  6. MH = Mental Health
  7. dis = disorder(s)
  8. sx = symptom(s)
  9. ACEs = Adverse Childhood Experience(s)
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000