A bifactor representation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for children: gender and age invariance and implications for adolescents’ social and academic adjustment

Zhao, Yanhua; Niu, Jiahui; Huang, Jing; Meng, Yan

doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00717-z

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

Table 1 Standardized factor loadings (λ) and uniquenesses (δ) for the Bi-CFA and Bi-ESEM models

From: A bifactor representation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for children: gender and age invariance and implications for adolescents’ social and academic adjustment

Indicator	Bi-CFA			Bi-ESEM
Indicator	G λ	S λ	δ	G λ (ω_hs)	S-DA λ	S-SS λ	S-ID λ	S-PA λ	δ
Depressive Affect (ω)		(0.90)		(0.03)	(0.90)
Item 3 Blues	0.62	0.07	0.46	0.63	0.07	− 0.06	− 0.10	− 0.10	0.57
Item 6 Depressed	0.79	0.04	0.53	0.76	0.13	0.11	0.01	− 0.09	0.39
Item 9 Failure	0.76	− 0.22	0.22	0.68	− 0.12	0.03	0.30	− 0.21	0.39
Item 10 Fearful	0.68	− 0.11	− 0.38	0.70	− 0.17	− 0.12	0.19	0.05	0.43
Item 14 Lonely	0.72	0.15	0.45	0.69	0.26	0.01	0.14	− 0.02	0.44
Item 17 Crying	0.58	0.36	0.76	0.59	0.38	− 0.11	0.08	0.08	0.48
Item 18 Sad	0.59	0.66	0.84	0.77	0.56	− 0.01	0.02	− 0.04	0.09
Somatic symptoms (ω)		(0.76)		(0.02)		(0.76)
item 1 Bothered	0.49	0.03	0.77	0.49	0.17	− 0.01	− 0.12	− 0.01	0.72
item 2 Appetite	0.40	0.01	0.86	0.49	− 0.11	− 0.23	− 0.41	0.08	0.52
item 5 Concentrate	0.49	0.55	0.38	0.55	− 0.07	0.52	− 0.13	0.05	0.40
item 7 Tired	0.67	0.29	0.61	0.68	− 0.01	0.25	0.01	− 0.06	0.47
item 11 Insomnia	0.48	− 0.01	0.37	0.54	− 0.12	− 0.16	− 0.09	0.08	0.65
item 13 Withdrawal	0.37	− 0.06	0.37	0.36	0.22	− 0.03	− 0.03	0.11	0.81
item 20 Get going	0.54	0.57	0.53	0.59	− 0.03	0.47	0.01	0.09	0.42
Interpersonal distress (ω)		(0.78)		(0.24)			(0.77)
Item 15 Rejected	0.62	0.99	0.46	0.62	− 0.01	0.07	0.32	0.06	0.50
Item 19 Disliked	0.72	0.19	0.47	0.69	0.03	0.08	0.46	0.05	0.30
Positive affect (ω)		(0.83)		(0.59)				(0.82)
item 4 Good	− 0.29	0.50	0.76	− 0.28	− 0.01	0.15	− 0.03	0.51	0.64
item 8 Hopeful	− 0.32	0.51	0.84	− 0.32	0.14	0.08	− 0.12	0.52	0.59
item 12 Happy	− 0.41	0.70	0.46	− 0.40	− 0.06	− 0.08	0.07	0.72	0.31
item 16 Enjoyed	− 0.51	0.72	0.47	− 0.50	− 0.03	− 0.06	0.15	0.73	0.19
ω_h	(0.75)			(0.77)

Note. Bi = bifactor; CFA = confirmatory factor analysis; ESEM = exploratory structural equation model; ω = McDonald’s omega coefficient; ω_h = McDonald’s hierarchical omega coefficient; G = general factor; S = specific factor; DA = depressive affect; SS = somatic symptoms; ID = interpersonal distress; PA = positive affect

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ISSN: 1753-2000

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