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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of variables

From: Socioeconomic inequalities in child and adolescent mental health in Australia: the role of parenting style and parents’ relationships

Variables

Wave 1 (aged 4–5 years)

Wave 2 (aged 6–7 years)

Wave 3 (aged 8–9 years)

Wave 4 (aged 10–11 years)

Wave 5 (aged 12–13 years)

Wave 6 (aged 14–15 years)

Wave 7 (aged 16–17 years)

Pooled

Mean

Dependent variable

 Mental health

9.34

7.9

7.46

7.94

7.45

7.11

7.24

7.78

Independent variables

 

Parenting style

 

 Angry parenting

2.22

2.13

2.15

2.16

2.15

2.08

1.96

1.58

  Praise behavior

3.79

3.61

3.72

3.68

3.61

3.63

3.67

3.67

  Disapprove of behavior

2.59

2.29

2.41

2.44

2.39

2.31

2.14

2.36

  Angry when punishing

2.62

2.31

2.44

2.51

2.41

2.24

2.06

2.37

  Have problems managing

1.75

1.47

1.53

1.62

1.62

1.58

1.56

1.59

 Consistent parenting

3.99

4.11

4.14

4.12

4.07

4.05

3.98

3.57

  Make sure complete requests

4.31

4.12

4.24

4.21

4.11

4.05

3.88

4.13

  Punish study child

3.88

3.79

4.12

3.97

3.89

3.81

3.52

3.85

  Study children get away unpunished

2.25

1.95

2.11

2.04

2.02

1.98

1.92

2.03

  Study children get out of unpunished

2.15

1.84

1.95

1.97

2.023

2.024

2.05

2.01

  Study children ignore the punishment

1.95

1.63

1.55

1.63

1.64

1.61

1.63

1.65

 Inductive parenting

4.17

4.14

4.05

4.07

3.95

3.77

3.21

3

  Explain the corrections

4.42

4.26

4.18

4.22

4.09

3.91

3.42

4.06

  Reason when misbehaves

4.26

4.12

4.21

4.23

4.13

3.93

3.31

4.02

Parents couple relationship

 

  Argumentative relationship

2.24

2.09

2.08

2.07

2.06

2.06

2.05

1.72

  Disagreements re child-rearing

2.37

2.26

2.35

2.37

2.34

2.38

2.36

2.34

  Stressful conversations

2.26

1.92

2.02

2.04

2.3

2.04

2.02

2.08

  Arguments with partner

2.67

2.37

2.38

2.42

2.39

2.39

2.36

2.42

  Hostility with partner

2.18

1.77

1.96

1.95

1.94

1.94

1.92

1.95

 Happy couple relationship

        

  Degree of happiness with a partner

5.31

4.92

5.28

4.99

4.92

4.98

5.13

4.87

Household income

 

 Lowest income (500 AUD or less per week)

0.68

0.51

0.39

0.34

0.29

0.24

0.33

0.43

 Lowest to medium (501–999 AUD per week)

0.25

0.39

0.45

0.46

0.45

0.46

0.35

0.36

 Medium to highest (1000–1999 AUD per week)

0.05

0.08

0.11

0.17

0.23

0.26

0.26

0.17

 Highest (more than 2000 AUD per week)

0.005

0.01

0.04

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.03

Mothers’ education status

 

 Postgraduation

0.06

0.07

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.09

0.09

0.08

 Undergraduate

0.23

0.24

0.25

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.27

0.25

 Certificate/Diploma

0.69

0.67

0.66

0.65

0.63

0.63

0.61

0.65

 Year 12 or below

0.012

0.02

0.021

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

Mothers’ employment status

 

 Full-time employed

0.21

0.27

0.32

0.37

0.44

0.49

0.54

0.38

 Part-time employed

0.36

0.41

0.42

0.39

0.36

0.33

0.31

0.36

 Unemployed

0.42

0.33

0.26

0.23

0.19

0.17

0.15

0.25

Sociodemographic

 

 Age in years

0.26

0.39

0.35

0.42

0.50

0.45

0.45

0.35

Gender

 

 Male

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.50

 Female

0.49

0.49

0.49

0.49

0.49

0.49

0.49

0.49

Areas of residence

 

 Accessible city areas

0.96

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.96

0.95

0.95

 Not accessible regional areas

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.04

0.04

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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000