Table 2 Regression results
Variables | Wave 1 | Wave 2 | Wave 3 | Wave 4 | Wave 5 | Wave 6 | Wave 7 | Pooled |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent variables | Co-eff (SE) | Co-eff (SE) | Co-eff (SE) | Co-eff (SE) | Co-eff (SE) | Co-eff (SE) | Co-eff (SE) | Co-eff (SE) |
Parenting style | ||||||||
Angry parenting | 3.017 (0.147)*** | 2.637 (0.137)*** | 2.944 (0.143)*** | 3.331 (0.143)*** | 3.129 (0.135)*** | 3.144 (0.133)*** | 2.447 (0.153)*** | 2.9 (0.053)*** |
Consistent parenting | − 1.488 (0.135)*** | − 1.268 (0.135)*** | − 1.541 (0.140)*** | − 1.140 (0.145)*** | − 1.001 (0.137)*** | − 1.179 (0.133)*** | − 1.184 (0.135)*** | − 1.286 (0.052)*** |
Inductive parenting | − 0.002 (0.133) | 0.407 (0.122)*** | 0.363 (0.131)** | 0.776 (0.124)*** | 0.719 (0.111)*** | 0.768 (0.099)*** | 0.628 (0.086)*** | 0.568 (0.039)*** |
Parents couple relationship | ||||||||
Argumentative relationship | 0.481 (0.184)** | 0.689 (0.141)*** | 0.489 (0.171)** | 0.790 (0.169)*** | 0.650 (0.161)*** | 0.490 (0.162)** | 0.371 (0.166)* | 0.613 (0.061)*** |
Happy couple relationship | 0.027 (0.106) | − 0.14 (0.060)* | − 0.081 (0.098) | − 0.063 (0.082) | − 0.010 (0.079) | − 0.019 (0.080) | − 0.137 (0.080)* | − 0.045 (0.030) |
Household income (ref: lowest income) | ||||||||
Lowest to medium (= 1) | − 1.056 (0.209)*** | − 0.586 (0.187)** | − 0.599 (0.186)** | − 0.803 (0.205)*** | − 0.466 (0.205)* | − 0.031 (0.198) | − 0.092 (0.223) | − 0.531 (0.076)*** |
Medium to highest (= 1) | − 1.134 (0.445)* | − 1.556 (0.330)*** | − 1.138 (0.290)*** | − 0.849 (0.291)** | − 0.511 (0.254)* | − 0.438 (0.241)* | − 0.606 (0.261)* | − 0.866 (0.104)*** |
Highest (= 1) | − 0.105 (1.240) | − 0.808 (0.871) | − 1.712 (0.687)* | − 1.431 (0.713)* | − 0.967 (0.555)* | 0.496 (0.492) | − 1.867 (0.485)*** | − 1.135 (0.227)*** |
Mother’s education status (ref: postgraduate) | ||||||||
Undergraduate (= 1) | 0.047 (0.421) | 0.073 (0.397) | − 0.449 (0.389) | − 0.327 (0.413) | 0.055 (0.369) | − 0.130 (0.357) | − 0.346 (0.382) | − 0.182 (0.147) |
Certificate/Diploma (= 1) | 1.211 (0.399)** | 0.952 (0.378)* | 0.541 (0.370) | 0.907 (0.392)* | 1.137 (0.349)** | 1.045 (0.338)** | 0.527 (0.358) | 0.858 (0.139)*** |
Year 12 or below (= 1) | 0.753 (0.838) | 0.954 (0.652) | 1.223 (0.657)* | 1.245 (0.757) | 0.580 (0.774) | 0.377 (0.723) | − 0.932 (0.720) | 0.537 (0.274)* |
Mother’s employment status (ref: full-time) | ||||||||
Part-time Employed (= 1) | − 0.572 (0.236)* | − 0.303 (0.207) | − 0.41822 (0. 196)* | − 0.422 (0.210)* | − 0.258 (0.198) | − 0.158 (0.191) | − 0.060 (0.212) | − 0.260 (0.078)*** |
Unemployed (= 1) | 0.26 (0.234) | − 0.027 (0.217) | 0.25337 (0.222) | 0.997 (0.240)*** | 0.860 (0.239)*** | 1.018 (0.228)*** | 1.350 (0.262)*** | 0.747 (0.088)*** |
Sociodemographic | ||||||||
Age in years | − 0.236 (0.190) | 0.265 (0.164) | − 0.054 (0.169) | − 0.034 (0.178) | − 0.110 (0.170) | − 0.113 (0.166) | 0.164 (0.182) | − 0.038 (0.070) |
Female (= 1) (ref: male) | − 1.070 (0.169)*** | − 1.323 (0.161)*** | − 1.279 (0.162)*** | − 1.285 (0.177)*** | − 1.125 (0.172)*** | − 0.208 (0.166) | 0.321 (0.183) | − 0.787 (0.065)*** |
Areas of residence (ref: accessible city areas) | ||||||||
Not accessible regional areas (= 1) | 0.428 (0.447) | 0.348 (0.416) | 0.166 (0.407) | 0.81 (0.44)* | 1.29 (0.431)** | 1.082 (0.441)** | 0.271 (0.483) | 0.703 (0.167)*** |