Skip to main content
Download PDF

Internet addiction detection rate among college students in the People’s Republic of China: a meta-analysis

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health volume 12, Article number: 25 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

With the development of economy and technology, the Internet is becoming more and more popular. Internet addiction has gradually become a serious issue in public health worldwide. The number of Internet users in China has reached 731 million, with an estimated 24 million adolescents determined as having Internet addiction. In this meta-analysis, we attempted to estimate the prevalence of Internet addiction among College Students in the People’s Republic of China in order to improve the mental health level of college students and provide evidence for the prevention of Internet addiction.

Methods

Eligible articles about the prevalence of Internet addiction among college students in China published between 2006 and 2017 were retrieved from online Chinese periodicals, the full-text databases of Wan Fang, VIP, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, as well as PubMed. Stata 11.0 was used to perform the analyses.

Results

A total of 26 papers were included in the analyses. The overall sample size was 38,245, with 4573 diagnosed with Internet addiction. The pooled detection rate of Internet addiction was 11% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9–13%) among college students in China. The detection rate was higher in male students (16%) than female students (8%). The Internet addiction detection rate was 11% (95% CI 8–14%) in southern areas, 11% (95% CI 7–14%) in northern areas, 13% (95% CI 8–18%) in eastern areas and 9% (95% CI 8–11%) in the mid-western areas. According to different scales, the Internet addiction detection rate was 11% (95% CI 8–15%) using the Young scale and 9% (95% CI 6–11%) using the Chen scale respectively. Cumulative meta analysis showed that the detection rate had a slight upward trend and gradually stabilized in the last 3 years.

Conclusion

The pooled Internet addiction detection rate of Chinese college students in out study was 11%, which is higher than in some other countries and strongly demonstrates a worrisome situation. Effective measures should be taken to prevent further Internet addiction and improve the current situation.

Background

Internet addiction can be defined as overuse of the Internet leading to impairment of an individual’s psychological state (both mental and emotional), as well as their scholastic or occupational and social interactions [1]. Its symptoms generally include preoccupation, loss of control, high tolerance, withdrawal, craving, impairment of function and a reduction in the ability to make decision [2]. The prevalence of Internet addiction in American college students is 12% and the Internet addiction rate of Iranian medical students is 10.8% [3, 4]. Worse yet, studies have shown that the rate of Internet addiction in Serbian schoolchildren is 18.7% [5]. In China, as well as worldwide, Internet addiction is a significant growing health problem in college students which is harmful to their physical and mental health. According to a survey conducted by the China Internet Network Information Center, the number of Internet users in China has reached 731 million, which equals the total population in Europe. There is no doubt that the Internet has brought us a lot of benefits. The Internet provides young people with good conditions for learning and strengthen the communication between young people. It is necessary for students to learn how to use the Internet. Internet tools can be effectively applied in school education, specifically in areas of lectures, assignments, real-time procedure demonstration, class discussion, and interaction with teachers. Internet can also realize the sharing of learning resources. So it is useful to integrate this learning modality with the traditional mode of teaching through a well thought out curriculum modification [6]. Besides, Internet has changed the way people socialize and it has become a medium for disease prevention and health promotion. Because young people are able to participate in a growing numbers of online communities providing support and advice for health care. A study of disturbed adolescents found that computer-mediated communication diminished certain traditional gender differences in group communication [7, 8]. However, the disadvantages caused by the Internet cannot be ignored. Internet addiction brings a lot of risks to society. Firstly, it makes people spend more time on Internet games and reduce normal social activities [9]. Secondly, there is a lot of unhealthy information on the Internet, such as pornography, violence and so on, which can affect people’s mental health. The current findings suggest that adolescents with Internet addiction seem to have more aggressive dispositions than non-Internet addicted adolescents [10]. Finally, Internet addiction leads to lack of sleep, vision disturbances and decline in work efficiency, which are detrimental to our physical health [11]. Therefore, it is crucial for us to investigate the prevalence of Internet addiction among Chinese college students in order to provide epidemiological information to better understand and tackle this problem.

To the best of our knowledge, currently there is no consensus on the standard for the diagnosis and identification of Internet addiction disorder. Young’s Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire (YDQ) was compiled in 1983. A respondent who answers yes to five or more of the eight questions is diagnosed as addiction Internet user. This questionnaire was further developed in 1998 by Young in order to incorporate the DSM-IV pathologic gambling criteria [12]. This 20-item scale, with its score ranging from 0 to 100, is widely used in diagnosing Internet addiction. Respondent with the total score ranging from 50 to 79 is considered moderate Internet user and 80–100 as severe Internet user with serious problems in Internet use. Previous studies have demonstrated that the scale has a high reliability and validity [12]. To take group differences into account, the Chen Internet Addiction Scale (CIAS) is used to measure the extent of Internet addiction. There are 26 items in the CIAS, and an individual with a score of 68 or more is assessed as Internet addiction [13]. A revision of the CIAS with 19 questions was assembled by Bai in 2005, which divides Internet addiction into three level: normal (from 19 to 45), moderate (from 46 to 53) and excessive (above 53). These scales have been gradually used in Internet addiction research in China.

A lot of in-depth research on drug addiction has been explored, such as the epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction. Unlike drug addiction, the influence of Internet addiction has been underestimated and few studies explore the mechanisms of it [14]. With the Internet addiction becoming more and more serious, relevant government departments begin to pay more attention to the effects of Internet addiction on teenagers and college students. Since their physical and mental development is not yet mature, their abilities of self regulation and control remain to be improved [15, 16]. In this meta-analysis, we attempted to investigate the prevalence of Internet addiction among college students in the People’s Republic of China in order to provide epidemiological evidence for the prevention of Internet addiction and finally improve the mental health level of college students.

Methods

Search strategy

Articles related to Internet addiction between 2006 and 2017 were retrieved from the Chinese periodical databases of Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP and WanFang and from PubMed. We searched the following keywords: “Internet addition“, “college students/university students”, “detection rate” and “China”. Languages were restricted to English and Chinese. In addition, relevant articles were manually searched.

Selection criteria

Inclusion criteria included: the research objects are full-time Chinese college students or vocational college students who are 18–25 years old; published between 2006 and 2017; using random sampling method; discussion of the Internet addiction detection rate in Chinese college students with reliable and clear statistics; Internet addiction is defined clearly and Internet addiction related questionnaire was adopted. CIAS has a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.95, and YDQ has a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93 as well as a good test–retest reliability (r = 0.85) [3, 13]; high quality articles have priority among the same subjects (For articles in which the same subjects were included in different publications, only the most recent or complete study was included). Exclusion criteria consisted of: articles unrelated to the purpose of the study; valid data cannot be extracted from the study; data is incomplete or repeated publication.

Literature screening and quality assessment

According to selection criteria, data extraction was completed independently by two researchers. Disagreements were solved by discussion or a third reviewer. For missing information, we contacted the correspondent authors for completed data. The following information was extracted from the literature: first author, year of publication, investigation time and area, sampling method, sample size, gender composition, and the scale used for Internet addition. Evaluation tools recommended by Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) were used to measure the quality of research [17].

Statistical analysis

Stata 11.0 software was used for the analysis. According to the results of heterogeneity test, the random effects model was used. Subgroup analyses, cumulative meta-analysis and chart description were also performed. Begg’s and Egger’s test were applied to examine publication bias [18].

Results

Basic information and quality assessment

A total of 2551 articles were initially retrieved from the online Chinese periodical full-text Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (n = 2033), VIP (n = 214), Wan Fang (n = 107) databases, and from PubMed (n = 197). By reading the title 1653 articles were eliminated since the object of study was not college students or vocational college students, most of these articles instead are devoted to the study of middle school students. After quality evaluation, 765 articles were further excluded. Of these, 157 articles did not mention sampling method and 319 articles did not use random sampling method. Another 289 articles had no explicit standard of Internet addiction or a clear definition of Internet addiction. In addition, 107 articles were removed after reading the full text because of lacking necessary data or containing incomplete data. Finally, 26 articles were included. Figure 1 shows the literature search process. The total sample size was 38,245 college students, the largest sample was 4866, and the smallest was 434. 4573 students were diagnosed as Internet addiction. Main characteristics of the included 26 eligible articles are shown in Table 1.

Fig. 1
figure1

Flow chart of literature search

Full size image
Table 1 Main characteristics of studies showing Internet addiction detection rates among college students in China
Full size table

Meta-analysis of Internet addiction detection rates in college students in the People’s Republic of China

A total of 26 articles reported Internet addiction detection rate among college students in China. Heterogeneity test showed a result of I2 = 0.983, indicating heterogeneous among studies. Therefore random-effects model was chosen. The pooled prevalence of Internet addiction in Chinese college students was 11% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9–13%), the result is shown by the forest plots in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2
figure2

Forest plot of Internet addiction prevalence and confidence intervals

Full size image

Subgroup analyses

In order to find the source of heterogeneity, subgroup analysis was performed according to stratum of gender, region, and scale. The result of subgroup analyses were presented in Table 2. There is a statistically significant difference of the Internet addiction detection rates between male students and female students (P < 0.05). The mean prevalence of Internet addiction was 16% (95% CI 13–19%) for male students and 8% (95% CI 5–10%) for female students respectively (Fig. 3). The Internet addiction detection rate was 11% (95% CI 8–14%) in southern areas, 11% (95% CI 7–14%) in northern areas, 13% (95% CI 8–18%) in eastern areas and 9% (95% CI 8–11%) in the mid-western areas. According to different scales, the Internet addiction detection rate was 11% (95% CI 8–15%) using the Young scale and 9% (95% CI 6–11%) using the Chen scale.

Table 2 Mean prevalence of Internet addiction among college students in different subgroups
Full size table
Fig. 3
figure3

Forest plot of subgroup analysis based on gender

Full size image

Cumulative meta-analysis

Cumulative meta-analysis was carried out for the detection rate based on year and sample size. The detection rate had a slight upward trend and gradually stabilized around 12% in the past 3 years as shown in Fig. 4. As for sample size,the detection rate grew more stable with the increase of sample size, also reaching 12%.

Fig. 4
figure4

Cumulative meta-analysis based on year

Full size image

Publication bias

Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plots (Fig. 5) [19]. Begg (z = 0.44, P = 0.659) and Egger test (t = − 0.31, P = 0.761) results suggested a low possibility of publication bias.

Fig. 5
figure5

Funnel plot of overall prevalence

Full size image

Discussion

The Internet has become an indispensable part of our lives, providing us more convenience. We rely heavily on the Internet, which also brings serious negative effects, such as game addiction. The influence of Internet addiction on college students as a special group has become a hot issue in public health. In this meta-analysis, 26 articles related to Internet addiction published between 2006 and 2017 were retrieved from databases based on our strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. As shown in Table 1, Internet addiction detection rates among college students in China varied widely from 4 to 43.9%, possibly due to the sample sizes, economic development differences and time of investigation. Economic is more developed in eastern coastal areas of China than that in other areas, which results in earlier Internet touching among young people in east China. Currently, Internet has gradually become popular in east China. Since few people have been in contact with computer decades ago, low rate of Internet addiction was reported at that time. Our study reflects the general characteristics of Internet addiction prevalence among Chinese college students. A previous study proved that the rate of Internet addiction among teenagers in the world is 10% [20]. In our study, the pooled prevalence of Internet addiction in Chinese college students is 11% (95% CI 9–13%), which is similar to many studies conducted in China but different from studies conducted abroad. Compared with other countries, the detection rate in China is higher than Japan [21] (3.7%) and Italy [2] (4.3%), but similar to Pakistan [22] (16.7%), Chile [12] (11.5%) and Turkey [23] (9.7%).

After subgroup analyses, we find that Internet addiction has different effects on male and female students, with higher detection rates in male students (16%) than in female students (8%). It may be explained by the differences in coping styles when facing life stress or negative life events. Male students tend to solve problems on their own and are reluctant to communicate with others or ask for help, leading to the low utilization of social support [24]. Some studies report that males are more sensitive to the Internet than females [25]. Compared with females, online games are more attractive to males who have a greater breadth of Internet use and more time surfing on Internet [26]. The above factors may contribute to a higher detection rate in male students. In terms of the regional factor, the Internet addiction detection rate was 11% in northern and southern areas in China. A higher detection rate was seen in the eastern areas as compared with mid-west. The regional difference could be caused by uneven economic development between eastern and mid-west areas, with more popularity of the Internet in the eastern areas attracting more college students. Our findings show that the Internet addiction detection rate using the Young scale was higher than that using the Chen scale. These two scales are widely used in the measurement of Internet addiction, and further research should be made to compare and evaluate the two scales.

According to the results of cumulative meta-analysis, the Internet addiction detection rate of Chinese college students has increased slowly since 2008 and gradually stabilized around 12% in the past 3 years. This shows that the Internet addiction has become an increasingly serious problem which can lead to many negative effects on college students, including physical and mental health. Internet addicts are more obvious in obsessive-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility and other problems. Their mental health level is lower because they are addicted to the Internet for a long time which results in the lack of interpersonal communication, which in itself is a risk factor for mental illness [24]. Furthermore, Internet addiction can also cause many somatic diseases such as neurasthenia, decreased vision, lack of concentration, and sleep disorder. Worst of all, Internet addiction can cause conduct disorder, inducing teenagers to play truant even crime. This study still has limitations: the diagnosis of Internet addiction is only measured by self report, with no clinical assessment of disability or other sources of information. It may have an impact on the integrity of the information collection and the results accuracy. Thus, we increase the assessment of other information in further research.

Conclusion

According to the research, the mean prevalence of Internet addiction in Chinese college students was 11%. Boys (16%) have a higher rate of Internet addiction than girls (8%). Given the rising Internet addiction rates among college students in China, effective and practical intervention measures should be taken. On one hand, government should strengthen the supervision of the Internet and provide legal protection in order to reduce the harm to college students. For example, no Internet cafes is allowed to be open within 200 meters in school, the opening hours of Internet cafes must be limited to between 8 a.m. and midnight, and an anti-addiction system should be established to limit the time spending on online games [27]. On the other hand, the university should encourage students to participate in more social activities and athletic sports [28]. In addition, parents should increase communication with their kids and spend more time relieving their inner troubles as well as understanding their needs [29,30,31]. In my opinion, it is also important to take measures to educate society about the dangers of Internet addiction. First of all, some measures need to be taken in communities and schools where more lectures on Internet addiction can be carried out [32, 33]. Schools and communities must guide students to use the Internet when they enter school and build a good way to communicate with their parents. Secondly, parents need to set up an Internet usage plan for children to make them know the seriousness of the Internet addiction [30]. Finally, the mass media can also organize more social activities such as Internet knowledge competition and make a documentary about Internet addiction so that people learn more about the dangers of Internet addiction. The most important factor is to help people form a reasonable understanding of Internet addiction and change unhealthy lifestyles. It is very necessary for us to pay more attention to the social education of Internet addiction in future studies. Only in this way, Internet addiction will lessen and young people will have a healthy environment to grow up.

Abbreviations

CI:

confidence interval

CIAS:

Chen Internet Addiction Scale

Young:

Young Internet Addiction Scale

CDC:

Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

IA:

Internet addiction

VI:

VIP Database for Chinese Technical Periodicals

DSM-IV:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition

AHR:

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

YDQ:

Young’s Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire

References

  1. 1.

    Beard KW, Wolf EM. Modification in the proposed diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav Impact Internet Multimedia Virtual Reality Behav Soc. 2001;4(3):377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. 2.

    Craparo G, Messina R, Severino S, Fasciano S, Cannella V, Gori A, et al. The relationships between self-efficacy, Internet addiction and shame. Indian J Psychol Med. 2014;36(3):304–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.135386.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. 3.

    Jelenchick LA, Becker T, Moreno MA. Assessing the psychometric properties of the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) in US college students. Psychiatry Res. 2012;196(2–3):296.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. 4.

    Ghamari F, Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadsalehi N, et al. Internet Addiction and modeling its risk factors in medical students, Iran. Indian J Psychol Med. 2012;33(2):158–62.

    Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Ac-Nikolić E, Zarić D, Nićiforović-Šurković O. Prevalence of Internet Addiction among schoolchildren in Novi Sad. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2015;143(11–12):719.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Ekenze SO, Okafor CI, Ekenze OS, et al. The value of Internet tools in undergraduate surgical education: perspective of medical students in a developing country. World J Surg. 2017;41(3):672–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. 7.

    Price A. Benefits of the Internet. Br J Gen Pract J R Coll Gen Practit. 1997;47(423):664.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. 8.

    Levy JA, Strombeck R. Health benefits and risks of the Internet. J Med Syst. 2002;26(6):495–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    Chou WJ, Huang MF, Chang YP, et al. Social skills deficits and their association with Internet addiction and activities in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Behav Addict. 2017;6(1):42.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Lim J, Gwak AR, Su MP, et al. Are adolescents with Internet addiction prone to aggressive behavior? The mediating effect of clinical comorbidities on the predictability of aggression in adolescents with Internet addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015;18(5):260.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Coniglio MA, Muni V, Giammanco G, et al. Excessive Internet use and Internet addiction: emerging public health issues. Igiene E Sanita Pubblica. 2007;63(2):127.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Berner JE, Santander J, Contreras AM, Gómez T. Description of Internet addiction among Chilean medical students: a cross-sectional study. Acad Psychiatry. 2014;38(1):11–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-013-0022-6 (Epub 2014 Jan 16).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Lin MP, Ko HC, Wu JY. Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors associated with Internet addiction in a nationally representative sample of college students in Taiwan. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2011;14(12):741–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2010.0574 (Epub 2011 Jun 8).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Nestler EJ. Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013;23(4):521.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Mun SY, Lee BS. Effects of an integrated Internet addiction prevention program on elementary students’ self-regulation and Internet addiction. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2015;45(2):251–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Achnio A, Przepiorka A. Dysfunction of self-regulation and self-control in Facebook addiction. Psychiatr Q. 2016;87(3):493–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Hu J, Dong Y, Chen X, et al. Prevalence of suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Compr Psychiatry. 2015;61:78–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Enst WAV, Ochodo E, Scholten RJ, et al. Investigation of publication bias in meta-analyses of diagnostic test accuracy: a meta-epidemiological study. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14(1):70.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Wang Z, Zhang YH, Xu QQ. Several methods of published bias assessment. Chin J Health Stat. 2009;26(5):539–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Bian HY, Li Y, Li N, Liu TW. Meta analysis for Internet addiction rate among adolescents. Chin J School Health. 2016;37(1):67–70.

    Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Tateno M, Teo AR, Shirasaka T, Tayama M, Watabe M, Kato TA. Internet addiction and self-evaluated attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder traits among Japanese college students. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;70(12):567–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12454 (Epub 2016 Oct 24).

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Khan MA, Shabbir F, Rajput TA. Effect of gender and physical activity on Internet addiction in medical students. Pak J Med Sci. 2017;33(1):191–4. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.331.11222.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Canan F, Ataoglu A, Ozcetin A, Icmeli C. The association between Internet addiction and dissociation among Turkish college students. Compr Psychiatry. 2012;53(5):422–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.08.006 (Epub 2011 Oct 13).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Zhou XY, Xu F, Wei XL, Zhao L, Pang BH, Chang JB. Internet addiction disorder and mental health in the University Students in Yan’an City. China J Health Psychol. 2015;23(10):1506–9.

    Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Luo S, Guo JZ, Hu SJ, Zhuang LH, Wang HJ. Internet addicts’ behavior and influencing factors among college students. Chin J Health Stat. 2014;31(3):434–6.

    Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    Joiner R, Gavin J, Brosnan M, et al. Gender, Internet experience, Internet identification, and Internet anxiety: a ten-year followup. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2012;15(7):370.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Guosong S. China’s regulations on Internet cafés. China Media Res. 2010;6(3):26–30.

    Google Scholar 

  28. 28.

    Echeburua E, De CP. Addiction to new technologies and to online social networking in young people: a new challenge. Adicciones. 2010;22(2):91–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. 29.

    Ko CH, Yen JY, Yen CF, et al. Factors predictive for incidence and remission of Internet addiction in young adolescents: a prospective study. Cyberpsychol Behav Impact Internet Multimedia Virtual Real Behav Soc. 2007;10(4):545.

    Google Scholar 

  30. 30.

    Lam LT. Parental mental health and Internet addiction in adolescents. Addict Behav. 2015;42:20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Lin YH, Gau SS. Association between morningness–eveningness and the severity of compulsive Internet use: the moderating role of gender and parenting style. Sleep Med. 2013;14(12):1398–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Mei S, Yau YHC, Chai J, et al. Problematic Internet use, well-being, self-esteem and self-control: data from a high-school survey in China. Addict Behav. 2016;61:74–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    Christakis DA, Moreno MM, Jelenchick L, et al. Problematic Internet usage in US college students: a pilot study. BMC Med. 2011;9(1):77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. 34.

    Yao YS, Gao C, Zhou FH, Jin YL, Wang EM, Ye DQ. Epidemiological study on Internet use and Internet addiction disorder among college students. Chin J School Health. 2006;27(10):844–6.

    Google Scholar 

  35. 35.

    Feng CY, Xiong M, Huang LY, Luo H, Deng B. Prevalence of Internet addiction disorder and anxiety and depression Among 1497 University Students in Guizhou. Chin J School Health. 2007;28(9):801–2.

    Google Scholar 

  36. 36.

    Wang XZ, Zhao L. The relationship between college students’ Internet addiction and personality TRAITS. Chin J School Health. 2007;28(2):164–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. 37.

    Chen J, Fan JL. A cross-sectional investigation of College Students’ Internet addiction and the analysis of its influencing factors. Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui. 2008;43(3):350–3.

    Google Scholar 

  38. 38.

    Gao Y, Li ZL, Wan BH, Li YL, Xu ZG. Investigation on Internet addiction disorder in college students. Chin J School Health. 2008;24(11):1368–9.

    Google Scholar 

  39. 39.

    Zhang LN, Shen QJ, Yang YJ, Zhang T, Cui J, Li H. Psychological and Personality characteristics of college students with Internet addiction disorder in Ningbo. Chin Mental Health J. 2009;23(9):674–6.

    Google Scholar 

  40. 40.

    Liu JA, Feng DX, Wang Q, Liang Y, Meng H, Jin JQ, et al. Study on status and influencing factors of Internet addiction disorder among medical college students. Chin J Soc Med. 2009;26(3):150–2.

    Google Scholar 

  41. 41.

    Gao B, Ma HY. Research on the Internet activities and Internet addiction disorder of college students in Zhejiang Province. Chin J Health Educ. 2009;25(1):11–3.

    Google Scholar 

  42. 42.

    Yen JY, Ko CH, Yen CF, Chen CS, Chen CC. The association between harmful alcohol use and Internet addiction among college students: comparison of personality. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63(2):218–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01943.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. 43.

    Zhou YQ, Cao JQ, Wang XL, Zhang H, Yang JW. Status of Internet addiction among undergraduates and its influencing factors. Chin Gen Pract. 2010;13(31):3528–30.

    Google Scholar 

  44. 44.

    Zhang T, Yang YX, Bao LQ, Shen YY. An investigation of college students’ Internet addiction and analysis of related factors. Strait J Prevent Med. 2011;17(6):24–5.

    Google Scholar 

  45. 45.

    Zhao XY, Hu XB, Zhang MH, Sun YM, Zhao QG, Yang WL. Relationship of Internet addiction and depression among college students in Lanzhou. Chin J School Health. 2012;33(10):1179–81.

    Google Scholar 

  46. 46.

    Chen SY, Zhang XF, Yang CS, Xu P, Chen JL. Study on college students with Internet addiction disorder and their personality characteristics in Wuhan City. Chin J Dis Control Prevent. 2012;16(6):544–6.

    Google Scholar 

  47. 47.

    Zhang BH, Hu S, Sheng J. Relationship between TCM college students’IAD cases and the five-state personality theory. J Shandong Univ. 2013;51(9):105–8.

    Google Scholar 

  48. 48.

    Zhang M. The relationship between Internet addiction and mental health of Uygur College Students. Chin J School Health. 2014;35(10):1559–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. 49.

    Zhou XQ, Xi XL, Cheng ZH, Shen LY, Li P. Prevalence of Internet addiction disorder and mental health status among college students. Chin J Clin Psychol. 2014;22(4):619–22.

    Google Scholar 

  50. 50.

    Luo R, Zhu DL. A study of personality traits of undergraduates with IAD. J Jiangxi Normal Univ. 2015;48(6):133–6.

    Google Scholar 

  51. 51.

    Wang XD, Gao YS, Lin FF, Chen YC. Analysis of college students’ Internet addiction status and its influencing factors in Hainan Province. Chin J Health Educ. 2015;31(12):1152–5.

    Google Scholar 

  52. 52.

    Zhang M, Tang DW, Jiang Q, Deng SP, Zhu XY. Prevalence of Internet addiction and influencing factors among college students in Nantong. Chin J School Health. 2015;36(3):378–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. 53.

    Cong JN, Huang XM, Zhao YJ. An analysis and prediction of college students’ Internet addiction among college students in a medical college. Chin Prim Health Care. 2016;30(8):72–3.

    Google Scholar 

  54. 54.

    Chi X, Lin L, Zhang P. Internet addiction among college students in China: prevalence and psychosocial correlates. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2016;19(9):567–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. 55.

    Chen YJ, Li L, Hu YH, Guo XP. Relationship between parent–child communication and Internet addiction among college students. Chin J School Health. 2016;37(2):221–3.

    Google Scholar 

  56. 56.

    Wu XS, Dong ZP, Zhu K, Li JD, Wang Q, Liu Y, et al. Analysis of Internet addiction status and influencing factors of college students. J Taishan Med Coll. 2017;38(3):263–5.

    Google Scholar 

  57. 57.

    Li FJ, Sun J, He J, Yang BS, Wang X. Survey on the current situation of Internet addiction among college students, Henan Province, 2013. Prev Med Tribune. 2017;23(7):499–501.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

As for authorship, Y-jS and TZ conceived and designed the study, Y-qW analyzed the data, LL was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors contribute sufficiently to this work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Funding

Study on prevention and cure strategies of college students’ psychological and behavioral health in the perspective of preventive medicine (SK2016A0947).

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Yijiang District, Wuhu, 241002, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

    Yao-jun Shao, Tong Zheng, Yan-qiu Wang, Ling Liu, Yan Chen & Ying-shui Yao

Authors
  1. Yao-jun Shao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tong Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yan-qiu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ling Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yan Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ying-shui Yao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ying-shui Yao.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shao, Y., Zheng, T., Wang, Y. et al. Internet addiction detection rate among college students in the People’s Republic of China: a meta-analysis. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 12, 25 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-018-0231-6

Download citation

Keywords

  • China
  • College students
  • Internet addiction
  • Meta-analysis
  • Prevalence

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000